By
Shubham Sunil Malu
ABSTRACT
Self-healing materials are a class of smart materials that have the structurally incorporated ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. The inspiration comes from biological systems, which have the ability to heal after being wounded. Initiation of cracks and other types of damage on a microscopic level has been shown to change thermal, electrical, and acoustical properties, and eventually lead to whole scale failure of the material. Usually, cracks are mended by hand, which is unsatisfactory because cracks are often hard to detect. A material [polymers, ceramics, etc.] that can intrinsically correct damage caused by normal usage could lower production costs of a number of different industrial processes through longer part lifetime, reduction of inefficiency over time caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by material failure. For a material to be defined strictly as self-healing, it is necessary that the healing process occurs without human intervention. Some examples shown below, however, include healing polymers that require intervention to initiate the healing process.
A good way to enable multiple healing events is to use living [or unterminated chain-ends] polymerization catalysts. If the walls of the capsule are created too thick, they may not fracture when the crack approaches, but if they are too thin, they may rupture prematurely.
In order for this process to happen at room temperature, and for the reactants to remain in a monomeric state within the capsule, a catalyst is also imbedded into the thermoset. The catalyst lowers the energy barrier of the reaction and allows the monomer to polymerize without the addition of heat. The capsules [often made of wax] around the monomer and the catalyst are important maintain separation until the crack facilitates the reaction.
There are many challenges in designing this type of material. First, the reactivity of the catalyst must be maintained even after it is enclosed in wax. Additionally, the monomer must flow at a sufficient rate [have low enough viscosity] to cover the entire crack before it is polymerized, or full healing capacity will not be reached. Finally, the catalyst must quickly dissolve into monomer in order to react efficiently and prevent the crack from spreading further.
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Concept of Zero Energy Building
By Aswin Kumar Das Suvendu Parida Subha Prakash Ratha Phani Bhusan Panda Bishnu Prasad Gariagadu Diptimayee Sahu Priyanka Sahu
Anubhab Panigrahi
Chapter- 1 Introduction
1.1. General:
Mahatma Gandhi envisioned a society where the man would live in harmony with nature. He Propounded having self-sufficient village communities to achieve this goal, having a civilization built on renewable resources. He insisted for the growth of human beings from every stratum of the society and to avoid wasteful use of resources. It is in the Indian culture system to find use for everything, which may be considered as waste by many. However in the race of rapid urbanization and globalization we have lost these practices leading to unsustainable growth of cities.
As per Figure 1.1, by 2008, 30% of Indian population was living in cities generating 58% of the total GDP of India. It is estimated that by 2030, more than 40% of Indians would be living in urban areas contributing to about 70% of the GDP. The cities are going to be the engines of growth for India to become a developed nation and so, the quality of life needs to be improved for sustaining the growth in the long term. India being the second most populated country in the world has some of the most densely populated cities in the world. The rise in Indian economy in the last couple of decades has created many job opportunities in the cities leading to a rapid influx of migrants from the rural areas to the urban areas.
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Understanding the Concept of Bubble Deck
By
Shubham Sunil Malu
ABSTRACT:
As the infrastructure is developing there is need for some changes in the construction field, as one cannot rely on the same method for a long time as it can have different consequences. The main consequence is the shortage of material and manpower. Also, money matters a lot in construction department along with it the machines, equipment and technology in some region is not at a level, which we want. Hence in order to satisfy these results Bubble deck slab is one of the most effective slab techniques to replace conventional slab in terms of money and materials. Also, it requires less time to construct as compared to conventional slab.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Bubble Deck is a revolutionary method of virtually eliminating concrete from the middle of a floor slab not performing any structural function, thereby dramatically reducing structural dead weight. Bubble Deck is based on a new patented technique- the direct way of linking air and steel. Void formers in the middle of a flat slab eliminates 35% of a slabs self-weight removing constraints of high dead loads and short spans.
Incorporation of recycled plastic bubbles as void formers permits 50% longer spans between columns. Combination of this with a flat slab construction approach spanning in two directions – the slab is connected directly to insitu concrete columns without any beams -produces a wide range of cost and construction benefits including:-
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Artificial Recharge of Groundwater
By Shubham Malu
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING N.D.MV.P.S’s K.B.T.C.O.E NASHIK
1.INTRODUCTION
The artificial recharge to ground water aims at augmentation of ground water reservoir by modifying the natural movement of surface water utilizing suitable civil construction techniques. Artificial recharge techniques normally address to following issues –
[i] To enhance the sustainable yield in areas where over-development has depleted the aquifer
[ii] Conservation and storage of excess surface water for future requirements, since these requirements often changes within a season or a period.
[iii] To improve the quality of existing ground water through dilution.
[iv] To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage and waste water so that water is suitable for re-use.
Thus, in most situation, artificial recharge projects not only serve as water conservation mechanism but also assist in overcoming problem associated with overdraft.The increasing demand for water has increased awareness towards the use of artificial recharge to augment ground water supplies. Stated simply, artificial recharge is a process by which excess surface-water is directed into the ground – either by spreading on the surface, by using recharge wells, or by altering natural conditions to increase infiltration – to replenish an aquifer. It refers to the movement of water through man-made systems from the surface of the earth to underground water-bearing strata where it may be stored for future use. Artificial recharge [sometimes called planned recharge] is a way to store water underground in times of water surplus to meet demand in times of shortage.
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ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING
By Shubham Malu
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING N.D.MV.P.S’s K.B.T.C.O.E NASHIK
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used to collect, convey and store rain for later use from relatively clean surfaces such as a roof, land surface or rock catchment. The water is generally stored in a rainwater tank or directed to recharge groundwater. Rainwater infiltration is another aspect of rainwater harvesting playing an important role in storm water management and in the replenishment of the groundwater levels. Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for over 4,000 years throughout the world, traditionally in arid and semi-arid areas, and has provided drinking water, domestic water and water for livestock and small irrigation. Today, rainwater harvesting has gained much on significance as a modern, water-saving and simple technology.
The practice of collecting rainwater from rainfall events can be classified into two broad categories: land-based and roof-based. Land-based rainwater harvesting occurs when runoff from land surfaces is collected in furrow dikes, ponds, tanks and reservoirs. Roof-based rainwater harvesting refers to collecting rainwater runoff from roof surfaces which usually provides a much cleaner source of water that can be also used for drinking.
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Is Your Home Earthquake Resistant?
By Technical paper Presented by:
Mr.Jismon Issac B.E [Mech] A.I.E, MBA
Over the past few years, India has seen a spurt in the vertical growth of buildings. They range from individual houses to very tall skyscrapers. Whenever news on earthquake is reported, we have only one question in our mind – Is our home safe during an earthquake?
Engineers always tell us that earthquake don’t kill, but that will be done by poorly built constructions. Earthquake resistant buildings can be made, only by constructing our homes with ductile character. For a better understanding in earthquake resistant buildings, we must acquire knowledge about earthquakes and its occurrence. The points are given as below;
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Riverfront Development Of Karha River Baramati City
BY
S.P.Jadhav1, S.L.Ghorpade2, K.H.Bankar3, A.S.Adkar4, S.S.Kharade5
1Prof.Bansode S.S, 2Prof.Sawant P.A.
Department of Civil Engineering
S.B.Patil College of Engineering, Vangali, Indapur
Abstract-
The Rivers form a city’s lifeline and no other city in the country can boast of having three Rivers running through it. Karha riverfront in Baramati City is a multifunctional riverfront with majority of premises being used as Residential, Irrigation,Indusrial Recreational purposes.
The water quality of the Karha River is very low due to a large amount of untreated sewage being let into the river. Other major problem pertaining to Karha river is flooding of the river.
The project work aims to carrying out suitable river-training works and measures to reduce the river pollution, restore and maintain the river ecosystem as well as riparian ecosystem.
The aim of this project would be transform Baramati as a unique cultural platform with recreational and entertainment facilities serving the city.
Keywords– Riverfront,Pollution,Development,Ecological preservation,Public Space
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High Performance Concrete – Methods for preparation, Advantages and Drawbacks
By Sagar Sanjay Phatale Department of Civil Engineering
University of Texas at Arlington
High performance concrete provides high durability, strength, low water-cement ratio and longer life span of the structure. Special ingredients such as plasticizers, optimum aggregate size and fiber steel reinforcement are used to make this type of concrete admixture. This type of concrete type is used in special and complex construction structure such as bridges and tunnels. High performance concrete also helps in reducing the duration of the project, as there is low water cement ratio in making the admixture for the concrete. This type of concrete is useful for fast track construction where owner required the possession of the property as soon as possible. High performance concrete have several advantages over traditional Portland cement concrete.
First, high performance concrete provides better strength and durability. Water cement ratio majorly affect the workability of the concrete [Naik et. Al., 2012]. According to Naik et al., [2012, p. 463], increase in the water cement ratio, which can be obtained by increasing the water content in the concrete admixture, increases the workability and slump ratio of the concrete.
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Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of School Buildings
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT of SCHOOL BUILDINGS: GAZA STRIP SCHOOLS as a CASE STUDY
BY
S. M. Shehada 1, S. Q. Shurrab 2
1,2 Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
Abstract
This study introduces a new approach for seismic assessment of existing school buildings. The proposed approach requires minimum human effort as it can be implemented by a small team of technical construction background. The approach is based on EMS-98 scale in addition to rapid survey of architectural and structural elements of existing school buildings. The study uses 64 selected public school buildings sampled from a total of 364 schools in Gaza Strip. The results showed that 50% of the surveyed schools are classified as Vulnerability class B, while 20 % are classified as Vulnerability Class A. The results were verified using the ‘probability matrix damage’ approach and showed good satisfying convergence. The results of the study are beneficial for the responsible parties who are expected to take appropriate actions related to enhancing seismic performance of Gaza Strip schools against seismic activities, due to the fact that these school buildings not only host about 450,000 students and teachers, but also serve as emergency shelters for those who lose their homes as a result of political instabilities in the region.
Keywords: Damage, Vulnerability, EMS-98, Seismic risk, structural type.
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Research Paper on Floating Concrete
By
Vikramaditya Pandey
Abstract
Floating concrete is a fluid mixture of density less than water, which is suitable to build floating structures, reducing the consumption of land for buildings. This project report addresses the procedure of preparation of mix proportion of floating concrete, materials used & various test results of compressive strength at the age of 7 days & flow, for acceptance of this concrete. Also, it presents an application of this concrete for canoe construction along with a light weight but, strong reinforcement. Despite the self weight of the canoe, it can bear a certain amount of external load.
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Structural Health Monitoring – A Case Study Of Toopilipalem Sea Water Intake Structure
By
1V. Siva Teja 2N. Tharun
1III B.Tech Student, Dept Of Civil Engineering, N.B.K.R IST
2III B.Tech Student, Dept Of Civil Engineering, N.B.K.R IST
ABSTRACT – Civil engineering structures are used for various purposes like residential, industrial, transportation, commercial, etc. and are thus classified into various types. Any of construction project involves huge amount funds been invested in them. As India is expected to be next ruling nation there is great scope for construction industry in coming years. But in recent years there have been great numbers of construction failures which occurred in India which gave rise to utmost need to investigate the causes for these failures and to determine the preventive measures to prevent such failures from occurring in future by taking few learning lessons. The structural and construction safety is still an issue which exists with all the construction projects. This paper emphasizes on the types of failures and responsible causes for constructional failures in today’s construction industry. For this purpose an analyzation of causes of failure of the case study of Toopilipalem sea water intake structure was taken into account. The main aim is to minimize the problem of failure from civil engineering field by taking learning lessons from these devastating incidences.
KEYWORDS:Structure,Failure,Reason,Environment
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By
G.H V SAI SIMHA 1
1. Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur.
ABSTRACT Harm in adaptable asphalts happen because of the development of overwhelming vehicles and change in climatic conditions. The primary parameters that cause the damage of the asphalt layer are fatigue
cracking and rutting. Cracking can be prevented by maintaining specified temperature during the process of preparation of mix to laying of bituminous mixes. In this way, to keep the rutting, the groove safe blends like Stone lattice black-top also called STONE MATRIX ASPHALT [SMA] must be utilized as a part of the bituminous layers. In this undertaking SMA is chosen to check its execution in all viewpoints, for example, stability [kg], deformation [mm], , volume of voids in mineral aggregates[VMA], with the expansion of fillers. The utilization of mechanical by-items utilized as fillers enhances the building properties of STONE MATRIX ASPHALT [SMA] mixtures. The expanded solidness because of the expansion of the filler is spoken to by an expansion in the softening point, viscosity, stability, and resilient modulus, and also abatement in entrance or decrease in penetration. In this venture the distinctive fillers like glass powder, magnetite [iron pellets], cement kiln dust, and filler fly fiery debris or filler fly ash have been utilized. All out 12 sets of test examples were set up by utilizing distinctive sorts of filler having diverse sum in the mixture. The Marshall properties got for the fillers uncover that, flyash remains filler, examples have been found to display higher stability contrasted with glass powder, cement kiln dust, magnetite. What’s more, magnetite filler indicated least deformation at 6 % bitumen content and the rate of air voids were observed to be diminished with the expansion of bitumen substance.
Keywords: stone matrix asphalt, filler, stability, deformation, Cement kiln dust, magnetite, glass powder, fly ash
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Page 5
Noise Pollution from Vehicular Traffic from Selected Junctions in Bengaluru
By Paul Pop, Rashmi Kulranjan, Nived Uthaiah. P, Radhika V G
St Joseph’s College, Bengaluru
Mahesh Kashyap, Consultant, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT
Noise pollution can be defined as the unwanted sound that is released to the environment and disturbing the human beings. Sources of noise pollution include industrial sources, non-industrial sources, vehicles, uncontrolled use of loud speakers, construction activities such as drilling, etc. Noise levels from vehicles through engines and horns are the main cause of concern in cities and may potentially contribute about 60% of total noise pollution. An attempt was made to measure noise levels emanating from vehicles on selected roads within a radius of approximately two kilometers from St Joseph’s College. These are major roads that witness heavy traffic during peak and non-peak hours. Traffic volume and noise levels were measured at various junctions on these roads during peak and non-peak hours. The study also includes remedial measures that can be implemented to reduce the noise levels.
Keywords: Noise, Vehicles, Pollution, Decibels
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Aquifer Characteristics in UYO Metropolis
BY UKPONG, E. C and ABARAOGU, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. and
UDECHUKWU JOHN Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The description and location of geologic formations and water-bearing zones within the study area are discussed. The geologic aquifer in the area are the upper, medium and lower sands. Pumping test and soil sample data were obtained from Ifa Atai, State Secretariat and Ewet Housing Estate all in Uyo metropolis were analysed. The analysis reveals the following Aquifer and well characteristics, permeability [3.74-20.952] m/d, transmissivity [146.13-914.63] m2/d, storativity [0.141-0.181], specific capacity [4.26-28.69] m3/h/m, well efficiency [77.31-95.03%], expected drawdown [4.36-29.34]m. The result shows that the geologic formation have good water-bearing formations with medium sand being predominant. Draw down values after prolonged pumping test are indicative of high well productivity. Generally the aquifers in the study area are permeable and of high storage capacity.
Keywords: Pumping test, soil sample data, geologic formations, aquifer, permeability, and specific capacity.
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CONCRETE QUALITY CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION
By 1] KAUSHAL KISHORE Materials Engineer Roorkee
Kaushal Kishore is retired from IIT, Roorkee and now a Consulting Materials Engineer. He has over 50 years of experience in all types of Concrete Mix Design.
2] RAKESH SHARMA Vice President Project Supertech Limited
Rakesh Sharma is Vice President Project of M/s Supertech Limited. He has 28 years of experience in Construction.
I.T. Park, Doon Square Mall at Dehradun, Uttarakhand is being constructed by M/s Supertech Ltd. For this site M-30 grade of concrete suitable for pumped concrete is required. Aggregates for construction was stored at site. Its analysis report is given in Table 2.
For laboratory trial 5 brands of PPC cement bags were taken from local market. They were identified as cement brand, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Two reputed brands of normal superplasticizers based on sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde [SNF] were taken for trials. They were identified as SP [A] and SP [B] to find their compatibility with the given 5 brands of PPC cement identified as cement brand 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
COMPATIBILITY The behavior of concrete in the presence of superplasticizers is related to the amount and type of sulfate added to the clinker. The rheological and setting Behavior are changed depending on whether the sulfate is added as anhydrite, hemihydrates, or gypsum. The difference are explained by the different rates of dissolution of these sulfates.
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Concrete Strength Acceptance Criteria IRC:15-2011
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
For concrete roads, flexural strength of concrete is the design criteria. For all major projects, flexural strength of the mix shall be determine by third point loading of flexural beams size 150 mm x 150 mm x 700 mm as per IS: 516. Determination of flexural strength by correlating with cube strength [compressive strength] shall not be allowed for major projects, as the correlation is not well established.
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Concrete Strength Acceptance Criteria IS:456-2000
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most valuable property, although in many practical cases, other characteristics, such as durability and permeability, may in fact be more important. However, the strength of concrete is almost invariably a vital element of structural design and is specified for compliance purposes.
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Mix Design and Pumped Concrete
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
A simple method of concrete mix design for pumpable concrete based on an estimated weight of the concrete per unit volume is described in the paper. The tables and figures presented are worked out by the author from a wide range of Indian materials. The method is suitable for normal weight concrete with admixture.
INTRODUCTION Pumped concrete may be defined as concrete that is conveyed by pressure through either rigid pipe or flexible hose and discharged directly into the desired area. Pumping may be used for most all concrete construction, but is especially useful where space or access for construction equipment is limited.
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Concrete Quality Control in 15 Minutes
By KAUSHAL KISHORE Materials Engineer, Roorkee
The time lag [usually 3 to 28 days] between concrete placement and the evaluation of cube strength is a primary deficiency of the current quality control method used in concrete construction. The development of accelerated curing techniques have reduced the lag time to 24 to 48 hours. But even the 24 hours time is sufficient to allow the concrete to set and harden in the form prior to the testing of the accelerated cubes. This paper describes the method for determination of water-cement ratio of the mix discharged from the mixer and conjunction with air-content tests can predict 28-days strength of concrete in 15 minutes, so that any mix found sub-standard should not be allowed for placement.
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28-Days Strength of Concrete in 15 Minutes
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Determination of compressive strength of concrete, either accelerated or normal 28-days, takes such a long time that remedial action for defective concrete cannot be under-taken at an early stage. By the time cube strength results indicate low strength, it is too late to do any remedy for the defective concrete which has already set in the form, Further in whole day of concreting work, cubes are filled from only a few batches of concrete which do not actually represent the strength of the entire concrete mass being used in the construction. This shows the limitations of cube strength test for the quality control of concrete.
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The GANGES CANAL
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
UPPER AND LOWER GANGES CANAL
The upper ganges canal is the original ganges canal, which starts at the Bhimgoda Barrage near Har Ki Puri at Haridwar, running at the centre of Roorkee, at right bank of canal is Roorkee city and at left bank is Civil Lines, IIT, Roorkee, Bengal Sappers and Minors, traverses Meerut and Bulandshahr and continues to Nanu in Aligarh district, where it bifurcates into the Kanpur and Etawah branches.
A channel from a barrage at Narora intersects the canal system 48 km downstream from Nanu, and continues past the sengar river and Sersa River past Shikohabad in Mainpuri district to become the Bhognipur branch which was uponed in 1880. This Bhognipur branch, together with the Kanpur and Etawah branches, is known as the lower ganges canal. The canal is administratively divided into the upper Ganges canal from Haridwar to Aligarh, with some branches, and the lower Ganges Canal which constitutes several branches below Aligarh.
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Dusting of Concrete Slab Surface
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
It is supposed that concrete should give satisfactory service to its entire life. However problems arises, if care is not taken during construction blemish appears on the surface of a concrete slab, it will likely to be one of these: bilisters, cracking, crazing, curling, delamination, discoloration. DUSTING, efflorescence, low spots, popouts, scaling or spelling. This paper will give the details about dusting.
DUSTING Formation of loose powder resulting from disintegration of surface of hardened concrete is called dusting or chalking and this is composed of water, cement and fine particles. The concrete surface powder under any kind of traffic, and also surface can be easily scratched with nail or even by sweeping.
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Capping Concrete Specimens For Compression Testing
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
CAPPING THE CYLINDERS
It is required that the cylinders ends must be plane within 0.050 mm. The most common way of achieving this planeness requirement is to cap the ends of the cylinder as per ASTM C6176 with suitable materials. Three different capping materials are permitted [a] A thin layer of stiff Portland cement paste may be used on freshly molded specimens. [b] on hardened cylinders, either high-strength gypsum plaster or sulfur mortar may be used [c] A third method is, an elastomeric pad is placed within a metal retaining ring, and the assembly is then placed over the specimen end. The pad conforms to the shape of the cylinder end, but is prevented from spreading laterally by the metal retaining ring. This provides a uniform load across the specimen ends.
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ULTRASONIC TESTING OF CONCRETE
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Fundamental principle
A pulse of longitudinal vibrations is produced by an electro-acoustical transducer, which is held in contact with one surface of the concrete under test. When the pulse generated is transmitted into the concrete from the transducer using a liquid coupling material such as grease or cellulose paste, it undergoes multiple reflections at the boundaries of the different material phases within the concrete. A complex system of stress waves develops, which include both longitudinal and shear waves, and propagates through the concrete. The first waves to reach the receiving transducer are the longitudinal waves, which are converted into an electrical signal by a second transducer. Electronic timing circuits enable the transit time T of the pulse to be measured.
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Testing Concrete Cores
By KAUSHAL KISHORE Materials Engineer, Roorkee
The examination and compression testing of cores cut from hardened concrete is a well – established method, enabling visual inspection of the interior regions of a member to be coupled with strength estimation. Other properties which can be measured is also given in this paper.
IS: 456-2000 specified that the points from which cores are to be taken and the number of cores required shall be at the discretin of the engineer-in-charge and shall be representative of the whole of concrete concerned in no case, however, shall fewer than three cores be tested. Core shall be prepared and tested as described in IS: 516.
[more…]
Sand Filtration In KWA Community Of Cross Rivers State
By Abaraogu, Udechukwu John and Dr. Ukpong, E. C. Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Uyo, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
In this work, the physical chemical and biological water treatment of raw and filter water through sand filtration in Kwa community of Cross River State, Nigeria were compared to the Nigeria and world Health organization standards. The mean results after the experiment showed that PH value for the filtered water is 6.6mg/l from 7.6mg/l when it was unfiltered, suspended solids droped from 12.29 [for raw water] to 7.7mg/l after filtration colour reduced from 12.22 TCU to 10143TUC after filtration Turbility was from 14.4NTU to 8.2NTU, dissolved oxygen from 4.0mg/l to 3.5mg/l ammonia from 0.32mg/l to 0.02mg/l, sodium from 30.5mg/l to 25.5mg/l, chloride from 12.1mg/l to 17.1mg/l, total dissolved solids [T.D.S] from 11.4mg/l to 25.76mg/l, the conductivity was from 18.06MS/Cm t0 42.16MS/Cm and the Total coliform count was from 0.043CFU/ML to 0.0217CFu/ML. These figures showed that the sand filtration was very good in treating the water to correspond with the Drinking water standard.
[more…]
Use of Plastic Bottle as Brick
BY Krishna G. Lodha
NDMVP’S KBT COE, Nashik
USE OF WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLE MORE EFFECTIVELY THAN EVER!
Everyday millions of people drinks water from packed plastic bottles and though it is expected that after consumption of water, bottle should be crushed and dropped in dustbin. But it is not in practise effectively. So instead of telling everyone to do so, a new method to use plastic bottles effectively is innovated.
[more…]
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Comparative Analysis Of Water Quality From Hand Dug Wells And Bored Holes In Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
BY Dr. Ukpong, E. C.
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of engineering, University of Uyo, Nigeria
Abaraogu, Udechukwu John
Civil Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering University of Uyo, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Water quality analysis was conducted using the physical, chemical and biological analysis methods of water treatment for samples randomly selected from three [3] boreholes and three [3] hand dug wells in Uyo metropolis to determine their suitability for drinking in comparison of the WHO standards for drinking water. After the analysis, one [1] of the boreholes was found to be slightly acidic [pH 6.3] while others were within limit of WHO standards. The mean D.O for borehole [4.161mgl/l] were less than that of wells and did not meet the WHO limit. [5-14mg/l]. The BOD of all samples did not satisfy the WHO limit of 2-4mg/l. lead concentrations in bored holes were slightly above WHO limits of 0.01mg/l. the concentration of ions [Fe4, Ca2+ and mg2+], sulphate, and Nitrate fell within the WHO limit. From analysis, it will be concluded that the different water sources are good sources of drinking water.
[more…]
Investigation Of Borehole Water Around Slaughter Houses In Uyo, Akwa Ibom State Of Nigeria
By
DR. ENOH C. UKPONG AND ABARAOGU, UDECHUKWU JOHN
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to investigate the contaminant concentration in borehole water around slaughterhouse in Uyo metropolis on the fact that groundwater in the vicinity of slaughterhouse can be contaminated by leachates of slaughterhouse waster water. Water sample were collected at Itam, Iba Oku and the control bore holes of which is located at Nwaniba road about 5km from the slaughterhouses. These samples were subjected to laboratory analysis at Akwa Ibom Water Company central laboratory for different possible contaminants [physical, chemical or Biological] method. The results of test showed that pH ranged from 3.60-5.46, electrical conductivity ranges from 173.3-482µs/cm, turbidity varied from 0.18-1.93 NTU, colour was 5 ILU in all the samples. The temperature valuewere between 21.80C – 22.10c. The concentrations of iron and manganese varied from 0-0.07 mg/l, respectively. Lead, cadmium, zinc, from copper, chromium, aluminum, and selenium were not detected in any of the samples. Bacteriological test also revealed that E. coli was zero in all of the sample. This is an indication that there was no faecal pollution in any of the borehole waters. Total coliform count in all the samples were below permissible limits set by the World Health Organization, WHO and Nigeria standard for drinking Water Quality, NSDWQ, for drinking water. A comparison of the result showed that there was no significant difference between the control sample and the samples taken from the slaughterhouse. It is therefore concluded that the presence of animals at these slaughterhouse has no impact on the quality of the borehole water at these slaughterhouses. Therefore, it is it is recommended that these borehole water are safe for drinking, laundry and other uses.
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Advance Construction Material – Micro Silica In Concrete
By Prof. Balasaheb E.Gite,Prof. Madhuri K. Rathi, Prof.Rajesh S.Rajguru, Prof. Asif P.Shaikh Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
University of Pune.
Abstract:
Micro silica is an amorphous type of silica dust mostly collected in bag house filters as by-product of the silicon and ferro-silicon production. The paper summarizes important physical and chemical properties of micro silica and uses those results for an evaluation of micro silica from a Health Safety and Environment [HSE] standpoint. Micro silica consists of spherical particles with an average particle size of 150 nm and a specific surface area of typically 20 m3/g. The chemical and physical properties of this inorganic product are different as compared to other amorphous and crystalline silica poly morphs. More than 500.000 MT of micro silica are sold to the building industry world-wide and are used in fibre cement, concrete, oil-well drilling, refractories, and even in polymers.
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Behaviour of Open and Closed End Pile Groups Subjected To Vertical Loading : A Comparative Study
By Singh P.K. [Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, INDIA] Arora V.K. Professor, [Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, INDIA]
Abstract
Steel pipe piles are highly durable, provide reliable foundation, have shorter construction period and can be driven into such medium where other piles can’t like boulder medium. Steel pipe piles are economical for long piles into deeps loose soil. Till now most of research has been directed towards the response of individual piles to vertical loads. Both the driving response and static bearing capacity of open-ended piles are affected by the soil plug that forms inside the pile during pile driving. In order to investigate the effect of the soil plug on the static and dynamic response of an open-ended pile and the load capacity of pipe piles in general, field pile load tests were performed on instrumented open- and closed-ended piles driven into sand. For the open-ended pile, the soil plug length was continuously measured during pile driving, allowing calculation of the incremental filling ratio for the pile.
Keywords- Pile Foundation, pile cap, bearing capacity, pile group, pile load tests, piles driving
[more…]
Study Of The Strength Geopolymer Concrete With Alkaline Solution Of Varying Molarity
By M.ADAMS JOE [Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, TREC, Nagercoil, Tamilnadu,India.] A.MARIA RAJESH [Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, ACEW, Nagercoil, Tamilnadu,India.]
ROY MAMMEN [Director of Quality Assurance, Dept. Of Built Environment Engineering, Muscat College,Oman.]
ABSTRACT
Manufacture of Portland cement produces large of volumes of carbon dioxide and other gases. Releasing these gases causes atmospheric pollution and subsequent environmental degradation. Finding a suitable alternative solution to mitigate the environmental degradation caused by using Portland cement is very important for environmental sustainability. The use of geopolymer concrete as an alternative material over Portland cement concrete to reduce the adverse effects on the environment is investigated in this paper. The paper also critically analyses the economic and environmental benefits of geopolymer concrete and address the financial and environmental issues associated with the production and use of Portland cement. Geopolymer cement utilizes industrial waste materials such as fly ash from thermal power stations to provide a practical solution to waste management as well as environmental protection methods.
Geopolymer concrete products are known to possess far better durability and strength properties than Portland cement concrete. These properties are investigated extensively in laboratory to verify and confirm the superior durability and strength properties. The paper also discusses the factors which restrict the use of geopolymer concrete as an alternative to Portland cement concrete. Laboratory tests are conducted on compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural tests for specimens with combination of different molarity. The results obtained are compared analytically and graphically
Keywords—GPC, Low calcium flyash, GGBS, steel fibres, Alkaline liquid, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural Strength
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Page 9
Water Proofing By Ferrocement
By Er. KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Ferrocement as a construction material has now gained acceptance in different applications, namely : housing, agriculture, marine, water supply, sanitation, water proofing treatment etc. Numerous studies published have built up confidence in the material resulting its wider application,
Traditional methods of roof water proofing by lime concrete and mud phuska with thin burnt clay tiles are very cumbersome, time consuming involved high labor cost and also due to non availability of traditional skills and good materials these methods of water proofing are now not very popular. Though bitumen felts are also provided for water proofing their life is less than five years and need frequent replacement.
[more…]
Concrete Mix Design with Fly Ash and Superplasticizer
By KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Fly ash or pulverished fuel ash [pfa] is a finely divided powder thrown out as a waste material at the thermal power plants using pulverized coal for raising steam in the boilers. In the building industry, the use of fly ash a part replacement of cement in mortar and concrete at the construction site has been made all over the world including India and is well known. The important building materials which can be produced from fly ash are:
[more…]
Alkali-Silica Reaction In Concrete
By KAUSHAL KISHORE Materials Engineer, Roorkee
The problem of Alkali-silica reaction was believed to be non-existent in India till 1983, when its occurrence was diagnosed in two concrete dams. This paper describes this problem with respect to Indian aggregates and cement. A rapid method of test for alkali-aggregate reaction is investigated and described in the paper.
INTRODUCTION
The most common causes of deterioration in structural concrete with steel reinforcement in it are
- carbonation and chloride penetration leading to corrosion of steel resulting cracking and spelling of the concrete cover.
- inadequate cover to reinforcing steel Less common causes of deterioration in clude,
- freezing and thawing
- sulphate attack
- alkali-aggregate reaction.
There are three types of alkali-aggregate reactions, namely the alkali-silica, alkali-silicate and akali-carbonate reactions. Deterioration due to the alkali-silica reaction is more common and this paper refers to this aspect.
[more…]
Concrete Curing Compound
By Er. KAUSHAL KISHORE Materials Engineer, Roorkee
NEED FOR CURING
The necessity for curing arises from the fact that hydration of cement can take place only in water-filled capillaries. That is why a loss of water by evaporation from the capillaries must be prevented. Evaporation of water from concrete, soon after placing depends on the temperature and relatively humidity of the surrounding air and on the velocity of wind over the surface of the concrete. Curing is essential in the production of concrete to have the desired properties. The strength and durability of concrete will be fully developed only if it is properly cured. The amount of mixing water in the concrete at the time of placement is normally more than required for hydration & that must be retained for curing. However, excessive loss of water by evaporation may reduce the amount of retained water below what necessary for development of desired properties. The potentially harmful effects of evaporation shall be prevented either by applying water or preventing excessive evaporation.
[more…]
M-80 Grade Pumpable Concrete
By Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
A mix of M-80 Grade suitable for pumped concrete is to be designed with the following materials and detail.
1. OPC 53 Grade, 7-day strength 52.5 N/mm2, Spgr 3.15
2. Silica Fume Specific Gravity 2.20
3. Standard deviation for the mix 5.0 N/mm2
4. Grading and properties of river sand and 12.5 mm crushed aggregate are given in Table-1
5. Superplasticizer based on modified Polycarboxylate, specific gravity 1.06, liquid pH 6.0. With the given set of materials, it was found that at a dosages of 2.5 % bwc it gives a reduction of 30% of water for the required slump of 100 mm after one hour at the average day site temperature of 37 degree C.
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Page 10
Feasibility study of Sky Bus Metro Linking Cities in Himalaya Region
By Balamuraliarumugam, ISTE124
[Civil, LMPC/ DOTE, India]
ABSTRACT :
Skybus is the latsest, economical, eco-friendly, reliable and most innovative but simple mode of transportation developed by Konkan Railway as a rail based futurristic urban mass transit system.Sky bus failed in Metro city but it will be a grate success in Mountainous Region in lifting passenger and cargo to remote regions of Himalaya.
Keywords – Aesthetic, Eco-friendly, DisasterManagement, Rapid Transport system, Destruction.
I . INTRODUCTION
In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides in the country’s worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. Though parts of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in India, some regions of Western Nepal, and some parts of Western Tibet also experienced heavy rainfall, over 95% of the casualties occurred in Uttarakhand. As of 16 July 2013, according to figures provided by the Uttarakhand government, more than 5,700 people were “presumed dead.” This total included 934 local residents. Destruction of bridges and roads left about 100,000 pilgrims and tourists trapped in the valleys leading to three of the four Hindu Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites The Indian Air Force, the Indian Army, and paramilitary troops evacuated more than 110,000 people from the flood ravaged area. If we have built Sky Bus in this Region the Scale of damage to life may have been reduced. Rapid transport system like Sky Bus can be build between the valleys and reduce the distance by half the time by the Road. Alignment of Sky Bus Route should be selected in such way the Maximum city in the mountain region is covered. Sky bus is failed in Metro city but it will be Success in Mountainous Region. This can used as Disaster Management in rescue effort in evacuating people from the Region even road and Bridges are damaged in disaster prone area.
[more…]
Carbon Fibre As A Recent Material Use In Construction
By Prof. B. E. Gite, Miss. Suvidha R. Margaj
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract
Over the ages as we have evolved, so has our engineering and researching skill sets. Even today, we are constantly innovating, researching and developing technology in pursuit of a sustainable future. Throughout this evolution, researches and engineers have found themselves in constant search for new and better materials to optimally manage the performance cost tradeoff in the construction sector. Many new raw materials have been discovered and many ground-breaking composite have been developed, of which not all but some have proved to be a phenomenal success. Carbon fiber is one of these materials, which is usually used in combination with other materials to form a composite. The properties of carbon fiber, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion makes them one of the most popular material in civil engineering possessing strength up to five times that of steel and being one-third its weight, we might as well call it ‘the superhero’ of the material world.
[more…]
Stone Mastic Asphalt
By Prof. B. E. Gite, Mr.Momin Soyal Abjal
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract
There are three major types of asphalt surfacing, characterized by a mixture of bitumen and stone aggregate. These are: Dense Graded asphalt [DGA]; Stone Mastic Asphalt [SMA] and Open Graded Asphalt [OGA]. Asphalt surfacing differ by the proportion of different size aggregate, the amount of bitumen added and the presence of other additives and material. The first aim of this study is to provide an updated systematic review of the evaluation of stone mastic asphalt in construction. This paper entitled “Stone Mastic Asphalt.” aims studying Objectives, construction material composition, economy achieving by using waste materials and advantages over the conventional mixes. Accurate quantification of aggregate gradation is essential for a better understanding of its effect on the load-carrying capacity of an asphalt mixture and Volumetric analysis of the aggregate. study investigates the benefits of stabilizing the stone mastic asphalt [SMA] mixture in flexible pavement with shredded waste plastic and use of baggase in the SMA.
[more…]
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement
By Prof. B. E. Gite, Mr. Yogesh S. Nagare
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract “Continuously reinforced concrete pavement” as the title suggests this type of pavement is reinforced throughout in longitudinal direction. This type of pavement has no transverse joints unless and until there is end of pavement or the pavement comes in contact with some other pavement or bridge. A longitudinal joint exists only if the road is wider than 14 feet. Due to reduction of joints smooth and continuous riding is possible resulting in fuel saving. Also CRCP roads are maintenance free if properly constructed and care is taken while placement of steel. Once CRCP roads are constructed they need not to be taken care of for the next 50-60 years. The principal behind this roads is that “Let the road crack”, exactly opposite as in case of other type of roads where we avoid crack formation at any cost. CRCP is allowed to crack due to which stresses in the pavement are released. The cracks formed are held tightly by the reinforcement, due to which widening and deepening of cracks is restricted. Hence we can conclude that in CRCP controlled cracking is permitted. The initial cost of CRCP is high, but as it is maintenance free, and lasts for decades, overall cost of CRCP is less as compared to other type of reinforced concrete pavements. Study and observations have shown that this type of roads are alarmingly successful, hence CRCP is widely used in USA, GERMANY, BRITAN, and several other developed and developing nations. Use of CRCP will enhance the cement, and steel industries; it will reduce the fuel consumption by vehicles, and will save lots of money required for frequent construction and repairs of other type of pavements.
[more…]
Submerged Floating Tunnel
By Prof. Amol B. Kawade, Miss.Shruti P. Meghe
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract Several crossings with a variety of different conditions under which a Submerged Floating Tunnel, SFT or Archimedes Bridge, may be used. However, swell, vortex shedding and slowly varying internal waves due to layers of different salinity presented a hazard of significant dynamic oscillations. In addition to the challenge of these various conditions some common accidental situations have to be solved for all applications including fire, sinking ships, falling anchors as well as sudden massive water ingress into the tube. Combining with the characteristics of submerged floating tunnel [SFT] and surrounding environment, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to develop research in the areas of potential risk and impact factors, risk index system, risk level of SFT. Risk management workflow of SFT was given. Then we focused on discussing the potential risks of SFT in investment, design, and environmental condition during planning and feasibility study stage.
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Page 11
Seismic Pounding Effects In Buildings
By Prof. A. B. Kawade, Mr. Abhijeet A. Sahane
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract Major seismic events during the past decade such as those that have occurred in Northridge, Imperial Valley [May 18, 1940], California [1994], Kobe, Japan [1995], Turkey [1999], Taiwan [1999] and Bhuj, Central Western India [2001] have Continued to demonstrate the destructive power of earthquakes, with destruction of engineered buildings, bridges, industrial and port facilities as well as giving rise to great economic losses. Among the possible structural damages, seismic induced pounding has been commonly observed in several earthquakes. As a result, a parametric study on buildings pounding response as well as proper seismic hazard mitigation practice for adjacent buildings is carried out. Therefore, the needs to improve seismic performance of the built environment through the development of performance-oriented procedures have been developed. To estimate the seismic demands, nonlinearities in the structure are to be considered when the structure enters into inelastic range during devastating earthquakes. Despite the increase in the accuracy and efficiency of the computational tools related to dynamic inelastic analysis, engineers tend to adopt simplified non-linear static procedures instead of rigorous non-linear dynamic analysis when evaluating seismic demands. This is due to the problems related to its complexities and suitability for practical design applications. The push over analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure that can be used to estimate the dynamic needs imposed on a structure by earthquake ground motions. This project entitled “Seismic Pounding Effects in Buildings.” aims at studying seismic gap between adjacent buildings by dynamic and pushover analysis. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the minimum seismic pounding gap between two adjacent structures by response Spectrum analysis for medium soil and Elcentro Earthquake recorded excitation are used for input in the dynamic analysis on different models. Pounding produces acceleration and shear at various story levels that are greater than those obtained from the no pounding case, while the peak drift depends on the input excitation characteristics. Also, increasing gap width is likely to be effective when the separation is sufficiently wide practically to eliminate contact. The results of pushover analysis viz. pushover curves and capacity spectrum for three different lateral load patterns are observed to study the effect of different lateral load pattern on the structural displacement to find out minimum seismic gap between buildings.
[more…]
Automated Construction By Contour Crafting
By Prof. Amol B. Kawade, Miss. Chaitali R. Satpute
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract
Although automation has advanced in manufacturing, the growth of automation in construction has been slow. Conventional methods of manufacturing automation do not lend themselves to construction of large structures with internal features. This may explain the slow rate of growth in construction automation. Contour Crafting [CC] is a recent layered fabrication technology that has a great potential in automated construction of whole structures as well as sub-components. Using this process, a single house or a colony of houses, each with possibly a different design, may be automatically constructed in a single run, imbedded in each house all the conduits for electrical, plumbing and air-conditioning. Our research also addresses the application of CC in building habitats on other planets. CC will most probably be one of the very few feasible approaches for building structures on other planets, such as Moon and Mars, which are being targeted for human colonization before the end of the new century. Contour Crafting is an emerging technology that uses robotics to construct free form building structures by repeatedly laying down layers of material such as concrete. The Contour Crafting technology scales up automated additive fabrication from building small industrial parts to constructing buildings. Optimal machine operation planning for Contour Crafting benefits the technology by increasing the efficiency of construction, especially for complicated structures. The research reported here has aimed at providing a systematic solution for improving the overall Contour Crafting system efficiency in building custom-designed buildings. An approach is first presented to find the optimal machine operation plan for the single nozzle Contour Crafting system. Other approaches are then presented to determine collision-free operation plans for machines with multiple nozzles. The models developed incorporate physical constraints as well as some practical construction issues.
[more…]
Quick Response Technique For Travel Demand Estimation In Small & Medium Sized Cities In India
By Prof. Madhuri K. Rathi, Mr. Patil Vivek Prabhakar
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract To perform travel demand estimation for any city using conventional four step demand modeling, it would involve lot of time and resources. As of now, to understand the travel demand for a particular city using available parameters there are no ready reference models are available. Considering this, an attempt has been made in this paper to model the travel prediction using the readily available parameters. About six models were developed utilizing various parameters such as Population, Average Household Income, Road Network Length and area of the city. The models developed were validated by conducting the households’ surveys in two Cites Durgapur and Gwalior. Among the six models developed, the predicted values based on Population and City area are very close to the observed values of Durgapur and Gwalior cities.
[more…]
Tidal Energy Harvesting
By Prof. A. R. Ghode, Mr.Kukkar Paresh K.
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract
Tidal Energy or tidal power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water mass due to tides. Two types of tidal energy can be extracted: kinetic energy of current between ebbing and surging tides and potential energy of currents between high and low tides. The formal method – generating energy from tidal current – is considered much more feasible today than building ocean-based dams or barrages, and many coastal sites worldwide are being examined for their suitability to produce tidal energy. Tidal power is reliable predictable [unlike wind energy and solar power].
1.0 INTRODUCTION As a brief introduction, I would like to explain my interests in studying Tidal Power as a means for generating reliable, carbon-free electricity.
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Study Of Problems And Corrective Actions Of Urban Drainage Network
By Prof. Madhuri K. Rathi, Mr. Patil Dhananjay Rajiv
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Abstract The concentration of the inlet wastewater of urban sewage treatment plants is much lower than the expected level in the design stage, mainly because of the problems of construction, management and maintenance of the drainage systems. Through investigation of the urban drainage pipelines, primary problems of drainage network damage, local unreasonable elevation design, pipe blockage and drainage system confusion, etc. were found. Combining the local actual situation, some corresponding engineering and management measures and some feasible suggestions for drainage pipe construction, management and maintenance are put forward.
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Page 12
Different types of Parking Spaces and Multiple Level Car Parking
By Prof. Madhuri K. Rathi, Mr.Darshan V Patel
Department of Civil Engineering, Pune University, India
Abstract
The growing population of India has created many problems one of the challenging ones being car parking which we confront almost every day. Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the problem of space for a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked for most of their time. While residential projects still escape with designated parking, the real problem lie with commercial spaces many a time which is overcome by taking extra open spaces to park.
Multi-level Parking systems for sometime have provided relief since they come with a number of advantages – optimal utilisation of space, lower maintenance and operational cost, lower construction cost, secure and environment-friendly nature, comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height or depth. Multiple Level Car Parking Systems are much in vogue a method of automatically parking and retrieving cars that typically use a system of pallets and lifts and signalling devices for retrieval. They serve advantages like safety, saving of space, time and fuel space but also need to have an extra and a very detailed assessment of the parking required, space availability and traffic flow.
[more…]
Impingement Of Environmental Factors That Defines A System On Composites Performance
Sreenivasa Hassan Jayaram
Manager-Projects, Jones Lang LaSalle India, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560001
Abstract-Composite materials are combination of two or more simple materials to yield another material with better properties like higher strength, stiffness, fatigue life, less weight, Resistance to higher temperatures. The common types of Composites under use are Particle reinforced type, Fiber reinforced type, Sandwich or Laminated type.In composites normally particle of one or more material are suspended in a matrix of another material to make the material stronger. The Fiber Reinforced Composites are the long fiber of one material is embedded in the matrix of other material which turns out to be extremely strong. The fiber reinforced composites can be used in concrete by reinforcing elements like carbon fiber, aramid fiber, grid type reinforcement elements, etc. Add reinforcing steel rods, wires and bars [rebar] to uncured concrete to enhance mechanical strength. The environmental effects on this composite material may pose threat to structure and must be considered during the design process, otherwise failure will cause waste of time, energy and money. Usually the degree of sensitivity of composites to individual environmental factors is quite different. The effects of environmental factors such as biological attack, fatigue, temperature and moisture can limit the usefulness of polymer composites by deteriorating the mechanical properties during service and are the most important environmental degradation factors to be taken into consideration. The temperature effects on the fracture properties of composites. The study by Marom, 1989[7] showed that inter laminar fracture energy decreased by 25-30% as temperature increased from –50°C to 100°C. All these factors are particularly significant in tropical and subtropical conditions, cracking of elements may cause rapid of degradation by corrosion. The paper highlights the effect of environmental parameters on performance of various types of composites with necessary precautions.
[more…]
Sand For Concrete From Steel Mills Induction Furnace Waste Slag
By Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
INTRODUCTION:
For the last 20 years, the use of by products of various origins in the production of concrete has become an increasingly widespread practice in the world. The main advantages are all the elimination of scraps and a reduction in the over exploitation of quarries.
Blast furnace slag is used in blended cement. Although many studies have been conducted on the evaluation of the electric arc furnace slag to be use in concrete as aggregates replacing natural aggregates, no studies have been performed regarding the use of induction furnace slag in concrete as aggregates replacing natural aggregates.
In making mild steel ingot scrap to sponge iron is fed into the induction furnace which produces large quantity of slag. For example Kotdwar a small town of Uttarakhand Steel Mills induction furnances alone generates 15,000 tonnes of slag per year and about 1,50,000 tonnes of slag is lying as dump around this city posing an environmental problem. If about 20 steel factories of Kotdwar generate such quantity of slag it can be calculated how much slag is being generated by about 600 induction furnace units of India.
[more…]
Polymer Modified Asphalt Nanocomposites [PMAN]:Preparation and Characterization
By
M. S. Sureshkumar [Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Material Science [DICCISM] and Giovanni Polacco [University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, Italy]
Abstract
In order to enhance its performances, asphalt is often modified with polymers. Recently, the addition of nanoclay as a third component was studied and found to further improve the asphalt properties. This results with ternary polymer/asphalt/nanoclay blends, which were termed as polymer modified asphalt nanocomposite [PMAN]. In this study, PMAN were prepared by using ethylene vinyl acetate [EVA], styrene-butadiene-styrene [SBS], ethylene metha-crylate [EMA] and an organo-modified montmorillonite. Moreover, two different preparation methods were used: i] physical mixing, where polymer and nanoclay are added separately to hot asphalt and ii] nanocomposite blending, where polymer and nanoclay are previously blended in a high shear mixer. The thermal and morphological properties, as well as the fuel resistance of the obtained PMAN were studied.
Keywords: Polymer modified asphalts, Nanocomposites, Kerosene.
[more…]
Performance based seismic analysis for buildings in India
By
Nilesh M. Kashid, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
During the last few decades, earthquake engineering has undergone significant development. Initially, structures were designed without considering seismic loading. Later, it was observed that the structures designed for some lateral loads like wind etc. performed significantly well than those designed for gravity loading only. Hence, the importance of considering earthquake forces in the design process is realized and seismic resistant design became a practice. Further with the advent of time history analysis and better understanding of seismic response. The importance of ductility of structure is realized in resisting even higher seismic loads than the designed loads. The design base shear force is reduced by introducing a response reduction factor to consider an inelastic displacement capacity of ductile structure in dissipating the energy. Further, with more understanding of structural behaviour at micro-level or element level, the concept of “capacity design” was introduced and this forced to decide the required performance of the structure right at the design stage itself. Today, the seismic design codes of various countries are being revised to decide performance criteria of the buildings that will suit the existing design and construction practices in the respective countries. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a possible method of seismic analysis that can be incorporated in the existing Indian Seismic Code I.S.: 1893-2002. For the purpose, some of the key features the existing methodology followed by Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] of United States of America is made use of.
KEYWORDS: FEMA, performance point, displacement ductility ratio, inelastic displacement demand ratio, capacity curve.
[more…]
Page 13
Mix Design For Concrete Roads As Per IRC:15-2011
By
Kaushal Kishore, Materials Engineer, Roorkee
ABSTRACT:
The stresses induced in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore flexural strength is more often specified than compressive strength in the design of concrete mixes for pavement construction. A simple method of concrete mix design based on flexural strength for normal weight concrete mixes is described in the paper.
INTRODUCTION: Usual criterion for the strength of concrete in the building industry is the compressive strength, which is considered as a measure of quality concrete. However, in pavement constructions, such as highway and airport runway, the flexural strength of concrete is considered more important, as the stresses induced in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore, flexural strength is more often specified than compressive strength in the design of concrete mixes for pavement construction. It is not perfectly reliable to predict flexural strength from compressive strength. Further, various codes of the world specified that the paving concrete mixes should preferably be designed in the laboratory and controlled in the field on the basis of its flexural strength. Therefore, there is a need to design concrete mixes based on flexural strength.
[more…]
Non-destructive Testing Of Concrete By Rebound Hammer
By Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
INTRODUCTION
The standard method of determining strength of hardened concrete consists of testing concrete cubes in compression. The quality of entire concrete of a structure cannot be fully assessed by testing a few concrete cubes. The results obtained in testing cubes do not always reflect the actual strength of concrete in construction. In a whole day, concreting work cubes are cast in a few batches, the differences [unintentional and intentional] in the composition are not uncommon, their compaction and their hardening conditions always differ more or less from those of the structure. In addition, the number of test cubes is generally so small that they can only be considered as random tests. Some times, in case of failure of cubes, doubtful concrete, cracks, deterioration of concrete, etc. it becomes necessary to assess the quality and strength of concrete of the structure. As far back as early thirties, the necessity was felt to develop instruments by which in-situ strength of concrete may be obtained. Various non-destructive methods of testing concrete have been developed, which include, Firing method, Skramtayev’s method, Polakov’s method, Magnitostroy method, Fizdel ball hammer, Einbeck pendulum hammer, Ball indentation hammer, Rebound hammer, Pull out techniques, Windsor probe, Ultrasonic pulse velocity methods, Radioactive and nuclear methods, Magnetic and electrical methods. In all these methods of tests, due to simplicity, rebound hammer test based on surface hardness becomes most popular in the world for non-destructive testing of in-situ concrete.
[more…]
Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering
By V Kartik Ganesh Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University
Kattankulathur, Chennai-603203, INDIA
Abstract
The innovation of relevant nanotechnology and its significance in civil engineering practice is illustrated in this paper for broadening vision. Nanotechnology deals with understanding, controlling and manipulating matter at the level of individual atoms and molecules in the range of 0.1–100 nm [10-9 m]. It creates materials, devices, and systems with new properties and functions. The role of nanotechnology in the conceiving of innovative infrastructure systems has the potential to revolutionize the civil engineering practice and widen the vision of civil engineering. Following this the analysis were carried out in ductile structural composites along with its enhanced properties, low maintenance coatings, better properties of cementitious materials, reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation, various nanosensors, smart materials, intelligent structure technology etc. The properties like self-sensing, self-rehabilitation, self-cleaning, self-vibration damping, self-structural health monitoring and self-healing are the key features. To execute these, the gap between the nanotechnology and construction materials research needs to be bridged. This paper first presents the background information and current developments in nanotechnology and civil engineering in general followed by the merits and demerits of their interdisciplinary approach. Further the details of application oriented nanotechnology-enabled materials and products that are either on the market or ready to be adopted in the construction industry and also their possible consequences over the time is elucidated. Some of the major instances of current applications of nanotechnology in the field of civil engineering across its different sections around the globe are exemplified. The most challenging economic factors concerned with its practicality are discussed briefly. Finally the future trend, potential and implications of nanotechnology development in civil engineering towards more economical infrastructure, low cost maintenance with longer durability are deliberated.
Keywords—Civil Engineering, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, Sustainability.
[more…]
Analysis and design of prestressed concrete box girder bridge
By
Miss.P.R. Bhivgade
Abstract:– Bridge construction today has achieved a worldwide level of importance. Bridges are the key elements in any road network Use of box girder is gaining popularity in bridge engineering fraternity because of its better stability, serviceability, economy, aesthetic appearance and structural efficiency. The structural behavior of box girder is complicated, which is difficult to analyze in its actual conditions by conventional methods. In present study a two lane simply supported Box Girder Bridge made up of prestressed concrete which is analysis for moving loads as per Indian Road Congress [IRC:6] recommendations, Prestressed Code [IS: 1343] and also as per IRC: 18 specifications. The analyzed of box girder using SAP 2000 14 Bridge Wizard and prestressed with parabolic tendons in which utilize full section. The various span/ depth ratio considered to get the proportioning depth at which stresses criteria and deflection criteria get satisfied.
Keywords: Concrete Box Girder Bridge, Prestress Force, Eccentricity, Prestress Losses, Reinforcement, Flexure strength, shear strength, SAP Model.
[more…]
Usage of LightWeight Concrete in the Construction of Pre-fabricated Structures
By M.Krishna Kanth S.Sai Kiran P.N.Srinivasa Raju Y.Sri Harsha
[Students, Department of Civil Engineering, Vaddeswaram, Guntur [dist] A.P-522502, India]
K.Prasanthi
[Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Vaddeswaram, Guntur [dist] A.P-522502, India]
Abstract
There are a great developments in the recent years like the high-tower buildings, offices, complex structures,or the concrete structures,etc. And the concrete lead for the better performance reducing the self-weight of the structures. As self-weight of the structure is vital for the structural safety. So for this lightweight concrete [LWC] has been used.The use of LWC is increasing for many structural purposes all around the world. LWC is used for fabricated structures which have good thermal insulation,better durability and are lightweight too. The constructional cost is the most important and essential factor for using LWC.The possible advantages of how to design the pre-fabricating structures is briefly scrutinized. The benefits of using this pre-fabricating material , to develop an eco-friendly regime in the environment and to control highly managed disposing of materials is examined.
Keywords: Lightweight concrete, Pre-fabricated materials, Economic Benefits.
[more…]
Page 14
By
S.M. Elzain [School of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Alneelain University, Sudan], S.H. Mohamed [Department of Water Resources, College of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Al Fashir University, Sudan] and Ibrahim A.A.Ibrahim [Water Hydrology and Water Quality Researcher]
Abstract
Hydro-chemical investigations, which are significant for the assessment of water quality have been carried out to study the sources of dissolved ions in hot springs water of some part of Jebel Mara mountain, Sudan. The temperature of hot springs water was varies from 50° C to 60° C. Samples collected from hot springs near Koronga village at Jebel Mara , were analyzed for major solutes and trace elements as part of larger study to characterized the geochemical signature of these ground waters. In this study, four major cations [Ca++, Mg++ , Na+ and K+ ] and three major anions [Cl, SO4 and HCO3] and some trace elements such as [Mn , Zn, Pb , Fe and P] were analyzed in these ground water samples.
This study reveals that most waters taken from hot springs has high values of Hydrogen ion concentration [pH] , electrical conductivity [E.C], high concentrations of total hardness [T.H], total dissolved solids [T.D.S] , bicarbonates [HCO3], sodium [Na] and Magnesium [Mg]. High pH, T.D.S, T.H, Na and HCO3 are mainly due to dissolution of these ions from rock bearing minerals of the study area. Normal values of trace elements like Iron [Fe], Copper [Cu], Lead [Pb], Iodine [I] and Zinc [Zn] whereas, high concentrations of Manganese [Mn] [above the recommended values given by W.H.O., 1984]. The study classified hot springs waters as Calcium-Magnesium-Sodium Bicarbonate type. Using U.S.D.A.[1954] classification, water has been classified as C2 S1 [medium conductivity-salinity and low sodium content]. The discharge values of hot springs measured to be between 2-4 L / S for all hot springs near Koronga village. The thermal waters are associated with Tertiary basalt and heat for these thermal waters is obtained during deep circulation in fracture basalt and is related to volcanic or tectonic activity. This study suggested the geothermal waters of Jebel Mara area are of meteoric origin. Hot springs waters [thermal water] have also been used for medical therapy.
Key words: Darfur region, Jebel Mara Mountain, hot springs, Geochemistry.
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Page 15
Design Of Prestressed Shell type Strucutre using Finite Element Method
By Mr.Abhinandan R.Gupta Asst.Prof, Dept. Of Civil Engg.
COET,Akola
ABSTRACT:
With the urge for sustainable, durable and economical construction various methods for designing, developing and constructing structures right from Class I structures like Important service and community structures – Power plants, Reservoirs, Health care centers, Airports to ordinary structures have been developed rapidly in the last few decades.
Along with these construction techniques the reliability of present or proposed structure is determined with various analysis and designing methods for parameters under consideration. One such reliable and effective method is Finite element Method. FEM even if complex and hard for manual analysis but is one of the most efficient method for software programming.FEM method works effectively even for complex structure with efficient results or outcomes.
[more…]
A Step towards sustainable water Management – Grey water Reuse
By Mr.Abhinandan R.Gupta Asst.Prof, Dept. Of Civil Engg.
COET,Akola
ABSTRACT
‘Water water everywhere and no water to drink’
For any living being water air, food, shelter etc. are the primary needs, for which water has the greatest importance. Pindar said “Best of all things is water”. In ancient times every individual or family was responsible to arrange for their water supplies. There were no collective efforts but with time urbanisation came into picture and thus the collective efforts for provision of water started. But this urbanisation caused a serious problem of resource exhaustion like water. Thus it is of prime importance to manage water resources in best way so that future generation could survive. Two immediate responses to counter this challenge are efficient allocation of the scarce resources, and development and use of alternative sources of water. While ‘water markets’ are seen as a means to achieve efficient allocation of the scare resources, treated wastewater and low-quality water are now considered as potential sources of water to supplement the freshwater supplies. The latter option that is use of reclaimed water as an alternative, with a successful and well planned reuse scheme can help achieve sustainability of water resources around the world. Wastewater reuse has been proven to ameliorate the pressure on the water environment and prevent water pollution. Greywater is one such type of wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing which can be recycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation, flushing and constructed wetlands.
The aim of this paper is to assess the role of greywater reuse in sustainable water management in urban regions. This paper also describes various approaches to recycle and reuse of greywater.
[more…]
Foamed Cellular Light Weight Concrete
By
Kaushal Kishore, Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Foamed concrete, also called cellular light weight concrete is produced by the mixing of Portland cement, sand including or alone fly ash, water and preformed stable foam. The foam is produced with the help of a foam generator by using foaming agent. The air content is typically between 40 to 80 percent of the total volume. The bubbles vary in size from around 0.1 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Foamed concrete differentiates from [a] gas or aerated concrete, where the bubbles are chemically formed through the reaction of aluminium powder with calcium hydro oxide and other alkalies released by cement hydration and [b] air entrained concrete, which has a much lower volume of entrained air is used in concrete for durability. Curing of foamed concrete unit may be done as per IS: 456-2000. Curing can be speeded up by steam.
[more…]
Mitigation of Soil Erosion with Jute Geotextile Aided by Vegetation Cover
Mitigation of Soil Erosion with Jute Geotextile Aided by Vegetation Cover: Optimization of an Integrated Tactic for Sustainable Soil Conservation System [SSCS] By Md Minhaz Mahmud, Nazmul Huda Chowdhury, Md Manjur Elahi, Md Hasanur Rashid, Md Kamrul Hasan
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology[KUET], Khulna, Bangladesh
Abstract
Degradation of soil considered as one of the foremost vulnerability and global threats nowadays not only for agricultural production and food security, but also for the environmental challenges related to watershed protection, disaster management, bio-diversity conservation, sustainable management of natural resources and climate change, furthermore, complication in Civil engineering. In Bangladesh where arable lands are less than necessary, certainly susceptible to severe erosion due to rainfall and flood, particularly when poor agricultural methods are used or preventive measures are not taken. Implementation of Jute Geotextiles [JGT] aided by native vegetation cover was investigated intended to design a sustainable and low cost tactic at Beel Dakatia through the entire year of 2009. Prime consequences were that erosion, moisture content and runoff are likely to be considerably impacted by rainfall intensity, soil surface slope; additionally, combined presence of JGT and vegetation cover reduced rate of erosion about 95% and runoff about 70% with respect to bare plots. Hence, play noteworthy role to conserve soil and stabilize the slope as well and mitigate susceptibility to degradation.
Keywords : Soil Protection, Jute Geotextiles [JGT], Watershed Management, Renewable Natural Resource, Disaster Management, Soil Strength.
[more…]
Visual Inspection of Concrete Structure
By Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Visual inspection is one of the most versatile and powerful of the NDT methods, and it is typically one of the first steps in the evaluation of a concrete structure. Visual inspection can provide a wealth of information that may lead to positive identification of the cause of observed distress. However, its effectiveness depends on the knowledge and experience of the investigator. Broad knowledge in structural engineering, concrete materials, and construction methods is needed to extract the most information from visual inspection.
Before performing a detailed visual inspection, the investigator should develop and follow a definite plan to maximize the quality of the record data. Visual inspection has the obvious limitation that only visible surface can be inspected. Internal defects go unnoticed and no quantitative information is obtained about the properties of the concrete. For these reasons, a visual inspection is usually supplemented by one or more of the other NDT methods, such as by concrete test hammer, ultrasonic concrete tester and partial destructive testing by drilling cores and testing them for compressive strength.
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Page 16
By H. H. M. Darweesh*, A. H. Abdel-kader2** and M. G. El-Meligy3**
Contact information: *Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Dept., 2**Taif University, Chemistry dept.,2, 3**Cellulose and Paper Dept. National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
The pulp black liquor waste [PBL], a byproduct from paper-making, is applied as a cement admixture in two types of cement, namely Ordinary Portland cement [OPC] and Portland limestone cement [LPC]. The results showed that the water of consistency of cement pastes premixed with PBL was gradually increased with the concentration of PBL while the setting times [initial and final] were decreased. So, it can be used as an accelerator. The compressive strength increased slightly during the early ages of hydration but sharply during the later ages, particularly with those premixed with PBL. The combined water content and bulk density displayed the same trend as the compressive strength, whilst the apparent porosity decreased at all curing times. The IR spectra of cement pastes showed that the intensities of the different peaks of cement pastes with PBL are higher than those of the pure samples. The SEM images proved that the incorporation of PBL with cement did not affect the chemical composition of OPC or LPC hydrates, but it only affected the physical state, shape, size, morphology and crystallinity of the formed hydrates. The 2 wt. % of PBL is the optimum concentration.
Keywords: PBL, OPC, LPC, combined water, bulk density, porosity, Strength, IR, SEM.
[more…]
Page 17
By
Kishor Sambhaji Sable [Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India]
Yogesh Ravindra Suryawanshi [M.E Civil [Structures], Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India]
Mehetre Amol Jagganath [Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India]
Abstract:
In this modern age, civil engineering constructions have their own structural and durability requirements. Fiber Reinforced Concrete [FRC] is a composite material made primarily from hydraulic cements, aggregates and discrete reinforcing fibers. Fiber incorporation in concrete, mortar and cement paste enhances many of the engineering properties of these materials such as fracture toughness, flexural strength, resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and spalling.
The SFRC is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates and discontinuous discrete steel fibers. Recently developed an analytical model to predict the shear, torsional strength and bending torsion behavior of fiber reinforced concrete beam with experimental substantiation. However, very little work has been reported in combined torsion and shear. Similarly to beam with conversional reinforcement, the presence of shear may significance influence on torsional strength of fiber concrete beams. Present paper investigates the mechanical properties like as shear strength, and torsion strength of concrete with different types of steel fiber with constant volume fractions and different aspect ratio.
Key words: Aspect ratio, Fatigue, Flexural strength, Fracture toughness, Mechanical properties, Spalling, Volume fraction.
[more…]
Page 18
Agricultural Drought Assessment For Chittar Sub-basin Using Remote Sensing
By R.Priya*, O.Ganesh Babu**, M.C.Sashikkumar**, A.Mookambiga**
*M.Tech [Remote Sensing] Assistant Professor, **Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University of technology Tirunelveli, Tirunelveli.
ABSTRACT
Spatial differences in drought proneness and intensity of drought caused by differences in cropping patterns and crop growing environments within a basin indicate the need for agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level. Monthly time composite NDVI images derived from MOD13 [250 m] images from Indian Remote Sensing satellites were analysed along with ground data on rainfall and crop sown areas for the Pisanam seasons [September–December] of 2001 [drought year], and 2007 [normal year]. The amplitude of crop condition variability in a drought year [2001] and a normal year [2007] was used to map the degree of vulnerability of different blocks in the basin to agricultural drought. The availability of ground data on rainfall, cropping pattern, crop calendar, irrigation, soil type etc., is very crucial in order to interpret the seasonal NDVI patterns at disaggregated level for drought assessment.
Keywords: Agricultural drought; Disaggregated level; Modis
[more…]
Effect Of Different Curing Methods On The Compressive Strength Of Concrete
By O. James ,P.N.Ndoke and S.S.Kolo Department Of Civil Engineering, Federal University Of Technology.
Minna.
ABSTRACT
Normal concrete was prepared with a water-cement ratio of 0.50. cube specimens were cast for testing the compressive strength at 7 and 28 days of curing respectively using three curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling and Plastic sheeting, curing to cure the cube specimens until the day of testing. Test results indicates that water curing [WAC] as well as sprinkling [spraying] curing provided much better results than membrane [Plastic Sheeting] method of curing. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to membrane [Plastic sheeting] method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall finding of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water curing to achieve a better compressive strength.
Keywords: Curing method, compressive strength, concrete
[more…]
A Study of Axle Overloadings On A Rural Road In Nigeria
By
S.S. KOLO, [Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria], Y.A.JIMOH [University of Ilorin, Nigeria] AND P. N.NDOKE[Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria]
Abstract
This paper presents the outcome of the axle load survey on a section of a rural trunk road in Nigeria in order to ascertain the contribution of overloaded goods vehicles to pavement failure. Seven day classified traffic and axle load survey was conducted for the determination of ADT, percentage heavy vehicle and the imposed axle load at respective axle position for the traversing vehicles on the Old Jos –Kaduna road, Kaduna state Nigeria. The proportion of the vehicle laden weight carried by each axle and the corresponding standard axle load [sal] was computed with the index model of power 4. The percentage and magnitude of overloaded axles were respectively determined as an indicative measure of the extent of structural damage to the pavement. The studied pavement was overstressed up to five times beyond the Nigeria standard axle load of 80kN, which was too high and hence constituting the hindsight to frequent structural damage to road pavements in Nigeria. It was recommended that the axle load control with weigh-in-motion weighing bridges to assure protection of the road from failure be instituted that will impact less disturbance to normal traffic flow on the arterial.
Keywords Commercial Vehicle, Average Daily Traffic, Design life, Axle Load, Gross Weight and Gross Vehicle Weight
[more…]
Evaluation of Response Reduction Factor for RC Elevated Water Tanks
By
Prof. V.D.Gundakalle, Professor ,Department of Civil Engineering, K.L.E. College of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum, Karnataka, [India]
Prof.Abhishek.S.Pathade, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K.L.E. College of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum, Karnataka, [India].
Mubashar Munshi Post Graduation Student, K.L.E. College of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum, Karnataka, [India].
Abstract
The actual earthquake force in considerably higher than what the structures are designed for. We cannot design the structures for the actual value earthquake intensity because the cost of construction will be too high. The actual intensity of earthquake is reduced by a factor called response reduction factor ‘R’. The value of ‘R’ depends on how we design the frame members. From previous study it is noted that the ‘R’ factor depends on ductility factor [Rµ], strength factor [Rs], structural redundancy [RR] and damping associated with structure. The objective of this work is to evaluate the response modification factor [R] for RC elevated water tanks supported on framing system are considered having staging height of 15m and 21m with varying capacities and staging configuration. These tanks are designed for gravity as well as seismic loads. A non-linear pushover analysis is used to calculate the base shear capacity and ductility of tanks. Two different cases of collapse criterion are used for defining ultimate stage on the capacity curve. It is observed that the Rµ are increasing with time period but the variation is not consistent. RS is higher for lower staging height.
Key words Response reduction factor, Seismic design, static nonlinear pushover analysis
[more…]
What is Concrete Strength and what are the factors affecting it?
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Concrete Strength
Cement like water, aggregates and some times admixtures is one of the ingredient of concrete. The mixing of these materials in specified proportions produces concrete. Accordingly cement alone is not a building material, it is the concrete which is a building material. For a given cement and acceptable aggregates, the strength that may be developed by a workable, properly placed mixture of cement, aggregates, and water [under same mixing, curing and testing conditions] is influenced by the :
a] Ratio of cement to mixing water b] Ratio of cement to aggregates, the strength of the mortar, the bond between the mortar and the coarse aggregate. c] Grading, surface texture, shape, strength, and stiffness of aggregate particles.
d] Maximum size of aggregate.
Strength of concrete is directly related to the structure of the hydrated cement paste. Air in concrete produces voids. Excess of water in concrete evaporate leave the voids in the concrete. Consequently, as the W/C ratio increases, the porosity of the cement paste in the concrete also increases. As the porosity increases, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases.
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Page 19
Production And Classification Of Locust Bean Pod Ash [LBPA] As A Pozzolan
by Adama Andrew Yisa [Ministry of Works and Infrastructural Development, Minna, Niger state, Nigeria.] and
Dr. Y.A. Jimoh [Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.]
ABSTRACT
Locust Bean Pod Ash [LBPA] was produced by burning Locust Bean Pods in an Incinerator under controlled temperature. The solid residue after the combustion process was sieved using a set IS standard sieves after which the sieved sample was analyzed chemically to determine its constituents. The results of particle size distribution and chemical analysis of Locust Bean Pod Ash revealed that the percentage mass retained on IS sieve 44 µm is 29.6 % while the sum total of the combination of the chemical compounds [Sio2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3] was 63.57%. These indicate that Locust Bean Pod Ash is pozzolanic in nature.
Keywords Locust Bean Pod Ash [LBPA], Pozzolan, Chemical analysis, Particle size
[more…]
Water Measuring Jar for Concrete Mixer
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
In about 80% of our construction sites, the water in the concrete mixer is added in a very crude manner either direct from a hoze pipe or by some container without any proper measured quantity. Thus no consideration is given to maintain free Water/Cement ration to its correct specified value resulting production of poor quality of concrete. The addition of mixing water in the concrete mixer with these crude methods always add more water then actually required. This excess water in due course evaporated leaving voids and increasing the porosity of the concrete. Such concrete will have lower strength and also will be not durable.
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Therefore it is very important to maintain free W/C ration to its correct value in all the batches of concrete. Free W/C ratio means mixing water added to saturated and surface dry aggregates ie, if the site aggregates are dry extra water is to be added in the mixing water as per the absorption of aggregate, and if the site aggregates contains surface water, this surface water is to be deducted from the mixing water. The weight of aggregates should also be adjusted accordingly. A Concrete Mix Design is reported in standard moisture condition of aggregates and this is saturated and surface dry aggregates. If aggregates are being taken by volume bulking of sand should be taken into consideration.
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To solve the construction sites mixing water problems, a simple graduated transparent plastic jar of least count 0.5 ltr, as per drawing should be supplied along with the mixer or may be fabricated at site. This Jar be installed at site near concrete mixer as shown in the drawing. The water may be filled in the jar to the quantity of required gauging water. While mixer is running the measured water in the jar slowly drain in the mixer drum through rubber hoze by opening the valve. If ADMIXTURES are to be used and required to be mixed with the gauging water, this may be mixed with water of the jar.
We at engineeringcivil.com thankful to Sir Kaushal Kishore for publishing his paper on “Water Measuring Jar for Concrete Mixer”.
Indoor Environment Quality-Mold In Existing Buildings And During Construction
By Navaid Ur Rehman,PMP, M.Eng [Construction Management] University of Alberta
ABSTRACT This term paper is prepared as part of the graduate degree requirement. The report consists of two parts: Part 1: Mold growth in existing buildings
Part 2: Mold during construction
In Part 1 four areas are discussed:
[1] What mold is, how and where it resides and the reason for mold growth [2] Mold health concerns [3] Investigation and evaluation of mold and [4] Mold control if it resides in indoor environments and what should the preventive measures be.
In Part 2 two main areas are discussed: [1] Mold free construction, preventing mold growth before construction and checks during and post construction [2] Toxic Mold Litigation and the number of mold claims have exploded in recent years in the US and Canada.
KEY WORDS Mold, Health Concern, Risk Factor, Risk Control, Mold free Construction, Construction Claim, Moisture
[more…]
Effect of Static Loading on RC Beams with Large Openings and CFRP as Strengthening Tool
By Preetpal Kaur Ragbir Singh, Assoc. Prof. Dr, Nasir Shafiq
University Technology Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar.31750,Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
Abstract
Design, construction and maintenance requirements of tall buildings and industrial complexes are very different from those applicable for normal building design and construction. For example, for conveying the services and other facilities such as water supply, electricity, air-conditioning and sewerage discharge; a complex network of system routing is provided, which usually align vertically and horizontally and spread throughout the floor area. This complex network is often obstructed by the structural components such as beams, columns and floors and requires to penetrate through such obstruction, which is called the structural penetrations. The size, location and configuration of structural penetration are derived from the type of services, magnitude and speed of facility to be provided. The most prevalent location, size and configuration of structural penetration are always an issue between structural engineers and service or facilities design engineers. This research focuses on the effects of static loading on reinforced concrete beams with openings. This research also studies the prospect of strengthening the beams by using external bonded CFRP in different combinations or arrangement to regain bending capacity that was lost due to the openings. The openings are circular, rectangular, square and elliptical shaped.
Keywords CFRP Sheets, Large Opening, Static, RC Beam.
[more…]
A Comparison of Marshall Properties of Various Types Of Cold Mixes Found In Nigeria
By S.S.Kolo[1]andy.Ajimoh[2] Dept.Ofcivilengineering 1. Futminna
2. Unilorin
ABSTRACT
This study present, the Marshall properties of the cold mix asphalt produced with the DPWS modified bitumen were compared with those of the commercial cold mixes in use in Nigeria. The following Stability and flow result were obtained after careful laboratory experiment; for the DPWS modified cold mix Asphalt a stability of 5.8KN and flow of 4mm were obtained when using the normal hot mix method of testing, while stability of 9.58KN and flow of 4.5mm were obtained when air dried method was used. The Portland Emco shows stability of 2.21KN and flow of 3.95mm when it was subjected to test using the normal hot mix method of testing, while a stability of 4.37KN and a flow of 4.85mm were obtained air dried method was used. The Carboncor shows stability of 4.27KN and flow of 5.5mm when it was subjected to test using the normal hot mix method of testing, while a stability of 9.79KN and a flow of 5.5mm were obtained when air dried method was used. The UPM could not be tested for stability when it was subjected to test using the normal hot mix method of testing, but using the air dried method a stability of 1KN and a flow of 6.85mm were obtained. This shows that the modified cold Asphalt has a good strength when subjected to worst condition.
Keywords: Marshall Properties, Stability, DPWS, Cold Asphalt
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Page 20
Comparative Performance Of Elevated Isolated Liquid Storage Tanks [With Shaft Staging]
By Shri.Pravin B.Waghmare Lect. In Civil Engg. Dept. Acharya Shrimannarayan Polytechnic, Pipri [M]
Wardha [MH]-India
Abstract
Liquid storage tanks are important components of lifeline and industrial facilities. They are critical elements in water supply scheme and fire fighting system, and extensively used for storage and processing of variety of liquid like material such as petroleum product, liquefied natural gas, chemical fluid and wastage of different forms. In this paper, the seismic response of base isolated cylindrical liquid storage tanks is investigated under real earthquake ground motion. The isolation systems considered is elastomeric bearings [without lead core], the specific objectives of the study are to carry out the comparative performance of the tanks with isolation and without isolation [i.e. Fixed tanks] also to investigate the response of the tanks for varying capacity with varying heights. For this study forty tanks of varying heights such as 8m,10m,11m,11.5m,12.5m,14m,16m with varying capacities of 500kl, 265kl, 200kl, 100kl, 50kl are considered. For this a time history analysis has been carried out by using a three time history of varying magnitude with varying peak ground acceleration. It is observed that the base shear of elevated liquid storage tanks supported on shaft is significantly reduced due to isolation. The drift of the tank relation to base of shaft is also significantly reduced due to isolation. The earthquake response of isolated short tanks is relatively more, i.e. Isolation is not effective for stiffer shafts, and however in general, the effectiveness of base isolation is achieved for tall tanks. Although the effectiveness of seismic isolation increases with the increase of bearing flexibility and damping these properties needs to be modified for desired response.
Keywords Liquid storage tanks, shaft, earthquake ground motion, elastomeric rubber bearing
[more…]
Lateral Torsional Buckling of Long Span Suspension Bridge: Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Under Wind Load
By D.Ishihara, H.Yamada, H.Katsuchi, and E.Sasaki
Yokohama National University
Abstract
There are plans of constructing bridges longer span like Messina strait bridge. This trend causes the necessity of discussing on the problems of instability analysis such as lateral-torsional buckling. However, lateral torsional buckling analysis of long span bridge is not sufficiently taken yet. For that reason, we apply the Abaqus/Standard to solve the high nonlinear problem. The analysis object is Akashi-kaikyo Bridge which is the longest bridge in the world. This paper presents how to analyze the lateral-torsional buckling of long span bridge applying wind load.
Keywords
Lateral Torsional Buckling, Suspension Bridge, Aerodynamics
Introduction By now, a lot of long span suspension bridges have built and their lengths keep growing. As a result, their girder stiffness is relatively reduced and their strengths for wind force are also decreasing. Therefore, numerous futter analysis and experiments were executed. On the other hand, it is as well as important to investigate the lateral torsional buckling strengths of suspension bridges, but the investigations have never been made for decades. Certainly, we just use Hirai-Okauchi formulation that was proposed around 60’s to confirm the stability against the problem. It contains a theoretical equation and ideal boundary conditions so the application of the formulation is limited. Therefore, the need of modern examination of lateral torsional buckling of suspension bridge is increasing. A long span suspension bridge shows quite nonlinear behavior and shows non linearity when its initial condition and wind load are applied. Therefore it needs some techniques. We present the way of modeling bridges using the structural elements and making initial conditions under gravity. After this we present how to analyze the lateral-torsional buckling of long span bridge applying wind load. The wind load is calculated by the static coefficient of wind force. Finally, the result is showed and the conclusion is presented.
[more…]
Complete Report on Failure Analysis of World Trade Center 5
By Kevin J. LaMalva
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc.
Abstract
This research involves a failure analysis of the internal structural collapse that occurred in World Trade Center 5 due to fire exposure alone on September 11, 2001. It is hypothesized that the steel column-tree assembly failed during the heating phase of the fire. Abaqus/Standard was used to predict the structural performance of the assembly when exposed to the fire. Results from a finite element, thermal-stress model confirms this hypothesis, for it is concluded that the catastrophic, progressive structural collapse occurred approximately 2 hours into the fire exposure.
Keywords:
Collapse, Coupled Analysis, Failure, Fire, Heat Transfer, Interface Friction, Structural, Thermal-Stress, World Trade Center [WTC]
1. Background World Trade Center 5 [WTC 5] was a nine-story building in the World Trade Center complex in New York City, NY [Figure 1]. On September 11, 2001, flaming debris from the World Trade Center Tower collapses ignited fires in WTC 5. These fires burned unchecked, ultimately causing a localized interior collapse from the 8th floor to the 4th floor in the eastern section of the building [Figure 2]. Debris impact was not a direct factor in this failure; the collapse was caused by fire alone.
[more…]
Study The Contribution In The Additions Mineral On The Paste, Mortar And Their Impact On Total Porsity
By
Guimer Tarek and Mellas Mekki
Department of Civil Engineering, Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, BP 145, Biskra 07000, Algeria
Tel fax: 033 73 45 28
Abstract
This work aims to study the evolution of the resistance of Portland cement pastes and mortars containing two mineral additions such as calcareous filler and finely crushed slag.
The effects of the addition of two mineral additions to Portland cement pastes are mortars, has been carried to evaluate the evolution of the mechanical resistance as function of the age and the mode of the treatment .This study is a simplified approach to show the contribution of the mineral addition on the development of the mechanical resistance, and the porosity obtained using methanol exchange method. In addition, to confirm this study and based on laboratory test resorts approximate equations were obtained
Keywords: Porosities, cement paste, mortar, mechanical resistance, exchange by methanol.
[more…]
Minneapolis I-35W Bridge Collapse – Engineering Evaluations and Finite Element Analysis
by Carl R. Schultheisz, Alan S. Kushner [National Transportation Safety Board], Toshio Nakamura [State University of New York, Stony Brook], Justin Ocel [Federal Highway Administration], William Wright [Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University] and Min Li [SIMULIA Central]
Abstract
The National Transportation Safety Board [NTSB] investigates accidents to identify the probable cause and to make recommendations that would prevent similar accidents. Following the collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis on August 1, 2007, the NTSB worked with the Federal Highway Administration, the Minnesota Department of Transportation and other parties with information and expertise, including SIMULIA Central, to determine the circumstances that contributed to the collapse of the bridge, completing the investigation in 15 months. The NTSB concluded that the collapse of the bridge was caused by the inadequate load capacity of gusset plates used to connect the truss members, as a result of an error by the bridge design firm, Sver-drup & Parcel and Associates, Inc. The loading conditions included a combination of [1] substantial increases in the weight of the bridge caused by previous bridge modifications, and [2] the traffic and concentrated construction loads on the bridge on the day of the collapse. Evidence from the collapsed bridge structure, engineering evaluations of the design, and results from the finite element analyses used to support the investigation are reviewed.
Keywords: Bridge Collapse, Gusset Plate, Plasticity, Instability, Riks, Fasteners.
[more…]
Page 21
Socio Economic Impact Of Failure Of Transmission Line Tower Foundations
A report by Christian Johnson and Thirugnanam
ABSTRACT
Transmission line towers are constructed for power evacuation purpose from generating stations to various load centers. Though they are considered to be the most stable and versatile semi-permanent structure, often they collapse due to failure of foundations, disrupting transfer of large blocks of power affecting the society to a larger extent. A brief review of literature on failure of transmission line tower foundations have been made and Case study involving data collection and visual inspection of transmission line tower foundation apart from diagnosis of transmission line tower stubs and laboratory experimentations have been presented. Based on the literature review and the case study undertaken as a part of the research, three predominant causes leading to failure of transmission line tower foundations have been discussed. Socio – economic impact of failure of transmission line tower foundations have been discussed. Remedial measures found through the research study for preventing failure of transmission line tower foundations have been briefly outlined.
Keywords: Corrosion, Foundations, Failure, socio- economic, transmission line tower
[more…]
Bridge Deck Analysis By Finite Difference Method
A detailed analysis done by Gautam Chattopadhyay
Names and Symbols used: Ardeck – area of the deck. wdeck – width of deck. span – span length of bridge. izlong – Moment of inertia of each longitudinal girder about z axis [transverse axis] iztrans – Moment of inertia of entire deck in transverse direction about longitudinal axis. flexkl – Flexural rigidity in longitudinal direction. flexkt – Flexural rigidity in transverse direction. ngird – number of longitudinal girders. tslong – Tosional rigidity in longitudinal direction. tstrans – Torsional rigidity in transverse direction. econc – modulus of elasticity of concrete. gconc – shear modulus for concrete.
N [ndiv] – Number of divisions in either direction.
Bridge decks are normally comprised of a grillage system of longitudinal and transverse girders. Longitudinal girders are supported at two ends while the extreme edges in transverse direction remain free. Bridge decks need special methods of analysis when subjected to unsymmetrical loadings. Unsymmetrical loading occurs for the following reasons:
[more…]
Analysis and Design Of 2-D Tubular Frame Using USFOS Modeling
Analysis and Design Of 2-D Tubular Frame Using USFOS Modeling by
SOURADEEP GUPTA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
National University Of Singapore
Abstract: USFOS is the analytical tool for predicting both the resistance of structures subject to accidental loads and the residual strength of damaged structures after such loads. It is based on finite element modeling. USFOS covers static collapse analysis, non-linear time series dynamic analysis as well as eigenvalue analysis of typically jackets, jack-ups, topsides and floaters. Primarily the purpose of this paper is to analyze two types of 2-D offshore frame and study the progressive collapse mechanism in these two frames due to different load combinations along X-axis and Y-axis. First the boundary conditions were fixed for the vertical members using USFOS modeling and they were tested for collapse under four different load combinations. Differences in behavior of two frames have been studied and different brace-chord sizes have been fixed. This type of analysis is useful to test if an offshore jacket with some specified size can stand the load coming on it from waves, wind or impact of ships. By utilizing the inherent redundancy found in most offshore structures the progressive collapse limit state can be used to design for accidental damage or extreme loads. Whereas in traditional elastic design redistribution of load is not normally considered. Collapse or plastic limit state design allows for local failure in yield or buckling and even partial collapse, provided the overall integrity of the structure is maintained. In short, plastic limit state design allows the designers to take advantage of any reserve capacity in the structure.
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Economics of R.C.C. Water tank Resting over Firm Ground vis-a-vis Pre-stressed Concrete Water Tank Resting over Firm Ground
By MS. SNEHAL R. METKAR [P.G. STUDENT] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING [STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IIND YEAR] P.R.M.T OF TECH. & RESEARCH, BADNERA-AMRAVATI SANT. GADGE BABA [AMARAVATI] UNIVERSITY [MAHARASHTRA]
COUNTRY INDIA – 444701
GUIDED BY Prof A. R. Mundhada [PROFESSOR] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, P.R M.I.T.R., BADNERA, AMRAVATI.
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA-4444701,
Abstract
Water tanks are used to store water and are designed as crack free structures, to eliminate any leakage. In this paper design of two types of circular water tank resting on ground is presented. Both reinforced concrete [RC] and prestressed concrete [PSC] alternatives are considered in the design and are compared considering the total cost of the tank. These water tank are subjected to the same type of capacity and dimensions. As an objective function with the properties of tank that are tank capacity, width &length etc.
A computer program has been developed for solving numerical examples using the Indian std. Indian Standard Code 456-2000, IS-3370-I,II,III,IV & IS 1343-1980. The paper gives idea for safe design with minimum cost of the tank and give the designer the relationship curve between design variable thus design of tank can be more economical ,reliable and simple. The paper helps in understanding the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank.
Keywords Rigid based water tank, RCC water tank, Prestressed Concrete, design, details, minimum total cost, tank capacity
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Computer Diligence For Civil Engineers
Paper on Computer Diligence For Civil Engineers By H. J. Sreenivasa [Lecturer] and Nagaraj Sitaram [Professor] Department of Civil Engineering School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University
Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara District-562112
Abstract Very rapid progress has been achieved in the last few years in the development of general-purpose engineering software that are very efficient in predicting the behavior of engineering structures. General characters desired in computers are speed, accuracy, reliability, versatility and diligence. It can store huge volumes of data and with the aid of many input and output devices data of different forms can be fed in to and taken out.
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What is Efflorescence in Bricks and Concrete?
Paper of Efflorescence in Bricks and Efflorescence and Leaching in Concrete by Sir. Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Efflorescence is the usual terms for deposit of soluble salts, formed in or near the surface of a porous material, as a result of evaporation of water in which they have been dissolved.
EFFLORESCENCE IN BRICKS: Usually sulphate of magnesium, calcium, sulphate and carbonate [and sometimes chloride and nitrates] of sodium and potassium are found in efflorescence. These salts may be traced to the brick itself, sand used in construction, the foundation soil, ground water, water used in the construction and loose earth left over in contact with brick work. Bricks with magnesium sulphate content higher than 0.05 percent should not be used in construction. Soluble salt content in sand [chloride and sulphate together] should not exceed 0.1 percent.
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Experimental Study On The Ductile Characteristics Of Hybrid Ferrocement Slabs
Research Paper by
A.Dhasarathan1, Dr. R. Thenmozhi2, Mrs. S. Deepa Shree 3
1 PG Scholar, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore
2Associate Professor, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore
3 Assistant Professor, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
ABSTRACT
Ferro cement elements are generally more ductile when compared to conventional reinforced concrete elements but post peak portion of load- deflection curve in bending test of Ferro cement elements reveals that failure occur either due to mortar failure in compression or due to failure of extreme layers of mesh. In this paper a study has been made on the ductility behaviour of hybrid Ferro cement elements by strengthening it in its tension zone by using GFRP layers and by adding polypropylene fibers into concrete. In present study, slab specimens of each 700 mm X 300 mm with varying parameters such as number of layers of mesh [2 & 3 bundled], layers of GFRP sheets [0 & 1] along with and without a specified proportion [0.30%] of polypropylene fibers were cast. Two point loading test was conducted on slabs and parameters such as ultimate moment capacity, ductility ratio and crack pattern were observed. From experimental results it was found that wrapping of GFRP in tension zone of slab increases confinement of bottom zone and using of fibre reinforced concrete has an influence on ductility and flexural capacities of ferrocement slabs.
Keywords: ferrocement slabs, GFRP wrapping, fibre reinforcement, ductility factors
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Behavioural Studies On Hollow Double Skinned Steel Concrete Composite Columns
Research Paper by N.Balasubramanian,R.B.Karthika and Dr.R.Thenmozhi
Government College Of Technology, Coimbatore-641 013, India
ABSTRACT
This paper comprises of the experimental study of eight double skinned concrete filled steel tubular [DSCFT ] beam columns of concentrically placed circular sections filled with self compacting concrete. Tests on the specimens were made by applying eccentric loads. The main experimental parameters for beam-columns were slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. Testing of specimens investigates the behaviour on load deflection, confinement effect, and the strength of the columns. The experimental observations were shown by load-deflection curves. Various characteristics such as strength, stiffness, ductility and failure mode are discussed. The predicted load versus deformation relationships are in good agreement with beam-column test results. The DSCFT columns in-filled with SCC show good strength and ductility. Modified equations are suggested to find the ultimate compressive strength of DSCFT columns filled with SCC.
Keywords : Composite; Double skinned concrete filled steel tubular columns; D/t thickness, fabrication and casting, load deflection, ductility.
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Durability of Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete
This paper by SOURADEEP GUPTA [National University of Singapore] is aimed at discussing properties of geopolymer concrete, how these differ from properties of ordinary Portland cement, durability properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete and its advantage when used as a construction material as well. Also some focus has been made on relevant issues that need to be solved and research needs to make it a better construction material.
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What are Green Buildings?
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
INTRODUCTION: A green building is that building which is constructed at a well planed location with proper design and sustainable materials. Fitted and painted with eco friendly materials. The building should gives to its occupants healthy and comfortable environment in all climates. It remains cool in summer, warm in winter, inside fully protected from rain, gives natural pollution free air and light through doors, windows and ventilators without any artificial means. For particular requirements it has solar, wind power and eco friendly electrical, mechanical etc. devices.
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Abstract
This paper discussed the design of substructure of bridge subjected to load of train with using two codes, the first code is AASHTO code and the second is the Chinese Code. This study focuses on the substructure of the bridge design and the design manually with the two codes.
By the design of the Bridge using the codes above, we found that Chinese Code is more safely that the number of reinforcement bars more in the pile cap and pile.
Settlement of the bridge also is calculated by using the data collected from the project site, the vertical ultimate bearing capacity of pile group and the dynamic action of the train loads, by this study it can be concluded all the above are safe values.
Another analysis by using the three-dimensional Plaxis program of finite elements and many parameters calculated, the value of the maximum vertical displacement was near from the calculated value which gives another checking for the design and maintain the safe conditions for the Bridge.
1. Introduction
Many of codes used in the world for design the bridges and many of countries have special codes for design depending on the specialty of that country and the nature, environmental conditions, effect of earth quakes etc. In the United States Bridge Engineers use AASHTO’s standard Specification for Highway Bridges and, in similar fashion or trends, German bridge engineer utilize the DIN standard and British use the BS 5400 code. In general, countries like German and United Kingdom which have developed and maintained major highway systems for a great many years possess their own national bridge standards. The AASHTO Standard Specification, however, have been accepted by many countries as the general code by which bridges should be designed.
In this paper, the design of a bridge by using two codes the AASHTO and Chinese codes. The AASHTO Code for design bridges named “American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials.”
In China there are many codes for design about 81 codes for design for all the majors in the civil engineering with serial numbers of standard, the code used for this study is [The Chinese National Standard [CNS, 2002]] [4], Building Foundation Design Code [GB50007-2002]. The Chinese Codes for design bridges focusing on the rail-way design like:
– Fundamental Code for Design on Railway Bridge and Culvert [TB10002.1-2005]. – Code for Design of Steel Structure of Railway Bridge [TB10002.2-2005]. – Code for Design on Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete Structure of Railway Bridge and Culvert [TB10002.3-2005]. – Code for Design on Concrete and Block Masonry Structure of Railway Bridge and Culvert [TB10002.4-2005]. – Code for Design on Subsoil and Foundation of Railway Bridge and Culvert [TB10002.5-2005]. – Standard for Constructional Quality Acceptance of Railway Bridge and Culvert Engineering
[TB10415-2003].
2. Research Significance This paper is to make a comparison between two or more codes in different countries to show the differences and similarities and advantages and disadvantages also for checking the design by the analysis and find the suitability of using the structure according to the design.
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Mix Design For Concrete Roads As Per IRC-15-2002
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Check out the Mix Design For Concrete Roads As Per IRC:15-2011
ABSTRACT:
The stresses induced in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore flexural strength is more often specified than compressive strength in the design of concrete mixes for pavement construction. A simple method of concrete mix design based on flexural strength for normal weight concrete mixes is described in the paper.
INTRODUCTION:
Usual criterion for the strength of concrete in the building industry is the compressive strength, which is considered as a measure of quality concrete. however, in pavement constructions, such as highway and airport runway, the flexural strength of concrete is considered more important, as the stresses induced in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore, flexural strength is more often specified than compressive strength in the design of concrete mixes for pavement construction. It is not perfectly reliable to predict flexural strength from compressive strength. Further, various codes of the world specified that the paving concrete mixes should preferably be designed in the laboratory and controlled in the field on the basis of its flexural strength. Therefore, there is a need to design concrete mixes based on flexural strength.
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Fly Ash Determination In The Supplied Portland Pozzolana Cement
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
There is no direct method for the determination of Fly Ash content in the PPC. However, based on the past test results of insoluble Residue in the PPC, Fly Ash content in the supplied PPC may be obtained.
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Simple Testing Of Admixtures And Surface Coating For Permeability To Water.
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
This method of test describes the procedures for determining concrete permeability to water by capillary absorption method for comparison between controlled specimens and the specimens containing admixtures having surface coatings. This method gives the waterproofing efficiency of admixtures and coating, thus also of the greatest interest for durability of concrete offers protection to reinforcement from corrosion.
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A Vision for Sustainable Construction Combined Efforts by Government and Construction Industry Together
Abstract:
History itself is the evident that from the years together the people moves to the region where they can satisfy their needs and wants with fewer efforts and more opportunities. This thought lead to accumulation of people in some areas resulting in urbanization. As this urban area contributes highly in nation’s economy even the government announce a far reaching progamme of investments in urban development. However, these urban agglomerations manifest generally unsustainable ecologies. The depletion of material resources, the accumulation of waste, and the over-expenditure of non-renewable energy are direct consequences of the predatory expansion of urbanization.
Out of this the major contribution goes to construction industry as the data reveals that Construction is responsible for 40% of the total world flows of raw materials such as sand, gravel and clay. It takes one quarter of all virgin wood, 40% of energy use, 16% of water withdrawals, and produces 17% of all waste generated. If this practise goes on uninterruptible it will cause total exhaustion of natural resource and will create a great question for generations to come for their survival.
This paper aims to add up a new dimension in vision for sustainable development by considering a combined effort of government and industry both. Strategy for the same considers the sustainable development in three phases such, first is the consideration of various tool to achieve it that are Means such as procurement, Design, Innovation etc. Second stage basically defines the ends out of it such as mitigation in climatic changes, water conservation; reduce in wastage and overall optimum use of resources. Final is the controlling stage which is supposed to achieve by using the tools such as implementations of rules for carbon emission and wastage made, formation of government agencies for environmental auditing etc.
This view for Sustainable Construction lays out specific actions by industry and by Government which will contribute to the achievement of overarching targets within each of the main areas covered by the sustainability agenda.
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Roof Waterproofing By Brick Bat Coba
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
INTRODUCTION
Waterproofing is a treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure. Waterproofing barrier system may be placed on the positive or negative side. Damp proofing is a treatment of a surface or structure to resit the passage of water in the absence of hydrostatic pressure. A damp proofing barrier system is used to perform the same functions as a waterproofing system but cannot be used to protect against water pressure. Water may be forced through building members by hydrostatic pressure, water vapour gradient, capillary action, wind-driven rain, or any combination of these. This movement is aggravated by porous concrete, cracks or structural defects, or joints that are improperly designed or installed. Leakage of water into structure may cause structural damage, and invariably cause damage to the contents of the structure.
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Save Environment With Green Construction
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
NEW CEMENT
Portland cement, is made by a calcareous material, such as limestone or chalk, and from alumina and silica found as clay or shale. The process of manufacture of cement consists essentially of grinding the raw materials, mixing them intimately in certain proportions and burning in a large rotary kilin at a temperature of up to about 14500C. When the material sinters and partially fuses into balls known as clinker, the clinker is cooled and ground to a fine powder, with some gypsum added, and the resulting product is the commercial portland cement so widely used through out the world. The manufacturing of this cement release in the atmosphere 0.8 tonnes of CO2 in the production of one tonne of cement. When water is mixed with cement and aggregates in the production of concrete for use in the construction, each tonne of cement can absorb up to 0.4 tonnes of CO2 , but that still leaves an overall carbon footprint per tonne of 0.4 tonnes. In the year 2009 about 2000 million tonnes of CO2 was emitted in the atmosphere in the production of cement.
The above problems have been overcome from researches by Nikolas Vlasopoulos Chief Scientist and his colleagues at Imperial College, London, and they have set up a company of Novacem’s cement which is making cement from magnesium silicate that absorb more CO2 as it hardens. Valaspoulos responded that magnesium slicates are abundant world wide with 10,000 billion tonnes available. He is confident that material will be strong enough for use in buildings but acknowledge that getting licence to use it will take several years of testing.
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Economic Evaluation of BOT Projects
Economic Evaluation of proposed Barwah-Dhamnod Toll Road by Dr.[Mrs.]Vandana Tare [Professor, Deptt. of Civil Engg. S.G.S.I.T.S., Indore [M.P] and Er. Raj Mohammad Khan [M.E. [Civil] Transportation Engg., Indore [M.P].
ABSTRACT
Road Traffic has been growing with very rapid rate, hence the traffic intensity and volume on the road is high. The present road network is necessary to improve to accommodate the future traffic and to provide the good riding quality. The development of Infrastructure has been done by the public sector through the fund collected from taxes, but huge fund are required for modernization of road network. Due to decreasing financial resources, government is not in position to invest the funds in those developments. This has brought to focus the need of attracting private investment in road in India.
The Barwah-Dhamnod road is proposed on B.O.T. system, starts from Barwah on Indore-Khandwa Road SH-27 and passing through Mandleshwar and joining NH-3 at Dhamnod. The total length of the road is 63 Kms and road passes through the districts of Khargon and Dhar. The details of road section Barwah-Dhamnod Road under study were collected through road inventory survey. The Traffic volume survey & Willingness to pay survey were also conducted on this road. The analysis of traffic volume data was done by projection up to 15 years. The need for widening of road from single lane to two lane is justified as per the capacity of road. Based on the data collection to achieve the toll fixation rates & to estimate the concession period, a methodology is adopted which includes generation of different module. Each module calculates the required results.
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Mix Design With Superplasticizers
By Er. Kaushal Kishore ,
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
INTRODUCTION Superplasticizers belongs to a class of water reducer chemically different from the normal water reducers and capable of reducing water content by about 30%. The Superplasticizers are broadly classified into four groups: sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensate [SMF], sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate [SNF], modified lignosulphonate [MLS] and others including sulphonic acid ester, polyacrylates, polystryrene sulphonates, etc. The benefits obtained by Superplasticizers in the reduction of water in the concrete mixes are best illustrated by the following examples.
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Ductal- A Stronger Concrete
What is Ductal?
Few Years back in 2006; researchers at Iowa State University have developed a new type of concrete that is much stronger than conventional concrete. It can withstand pressures up to 595,000 pounds — more than the weight of seven semi trucks.
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What is Biocement?
It’s safe to say that without microbes, biotechnology would be an extremely limited science. Microbes are microscopic organisms such as fungi [which include yeasts], bacteria and viruses. They not only provide the foundation for much of the basic research involved in biotechnology, they help to create durable building materials and structures.
The early scientific study of microbes concentrated on their effects, such as causing disease. Eventually, scientists discovered microbes could be used for the study of processes which are common to all living organisms. An innovative alternative approach lies in the combined use of microorganisms, nutrients and biological processes naturally present in the subsurface soils to effectively improve their engineering properties. Considerable research on carbonate precipitation by bacteria has been performed using ureolytic bacteria. These bacteria are able to influence the precipitation of calcium carbonate by the production of an enzyme, urease [urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5]. Calcium carbonate precipitation occurs as a consequence of bacterial metabolic activity that raises the pH of the proximal environment.
Recently I discovered and improved few bacterial species which were able to precipitate calcite at higher rate and eventually this process lead to improved compressive strength, reduced permeability and low corrosion rate of reinforcement.
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ABSTRACT
Over 300 million tones of industrial wastes are being produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials pose problems of disposal and health hazards. The wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum and red mud contain obnoxious impurities which adversely affect the strength and other properties of building materials based on them. Out of several wastes being produced at present, the use of phosphogypsum, flurogypsum, lime sludge, hypo sludge, red mud, and mine tailing is of paramount significance to protect the environment.
Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. Paper fibers can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become waste sludge. All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples and “stickies” [tape, plastic films, etc.] are also washed off the recycled fibers to join the waste solids. The shiny finish on glossy magazine-type paper is produced using a fine kaolin clay coating, which also becomes solid waste during recycling. This paper mill sludge consumes a large percentage of local landfill space for each and every year. Worse yet, some of the wastes are land spread on cropland as a disposal technique, raising concerns about trace contaminants building up in soil or running off into area lakes and streams. Some companies burn their sludge in incinerators, contributing to our serious air pollution problems. To reduce disposal and pollution problems emanating from these industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. Keeping this in view, investigations were undertaken to produce low cast concrete by blending various ratios of cement with hypo sludge.
This project is concerned with experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing cement via 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of Hypo Sludge.
Keywords: Hypo Sludge, Pozzolanic Property, supplementary cementitious materials.
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