SHOWING 1-10 OF 53 REFERENCES
The independence of positive and negative affect.
- E. DienerRobert A Emmons
Psychology
Journal of personality and social psychology
- 1984
It appears that positive and negative affect are independent in terms of how much people feel in their lives over longer time periods, but researchers need to focus on the processes that underlie both positive andnegative affect and that are responsible for producing their relative independence.
A study of psychological well-being.
- P. Warr
Psychology
British journal of psychology
- 1978
The concept of psychological well-being is introduced, and scales to measure three of its different facets are described and applied to 1655 British respondents, which yields a major cluster of happiness items.
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Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales
D Watson et al. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jun.
Abstract
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS]. The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
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