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Terms in this set [55]
Neuron
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Stimulus
A signal to which an organism responds
Impulse
A sudden, involuntary urge to do something
Effector
An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus
Motor Neuron
A neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react
Interneuron
A neuron that transmits impulses between neurons; especially as part of a reflex
Sensory Neuron
A neuron that transmits sensory information
Dendrite
A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Cell Membrane
The semiemperable membrane that encloses the neuron
Cell Body
The nucleus-containing central part of a neuron
Axon
The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
Axon Terminal
The somewhat enlarged endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells
Myelin Sheath
The insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layers of myelin
Nodes of Ranvier
A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells
Synapse
A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure
Unipolar Neuron
A unipolar neuron is a type of neuron in which only one protoplasmic process [neurite] extends from the cell body
Bipolar Neuron
A bipolar cell is a type of neuron which has two extensions, bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses
Multipolar Neuron
A type of neuron that possesses a single [usually long] axon and many dendrites
Nucleus
A nucleus is a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system
Resting Potential
The electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse
Action Potential
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Sodium Channel
Integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions through a cell's plasma membrane
Potassium or Sodium Ion
An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons.
Potassium Channel
Ion channels that are selective for passage of potassium ions through the pore
Sodium-Potassium Pump
What moves the two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane to reach homeostasis
Depolarization
Loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior
Repolarization
The change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential
Vesicle
A place that stores various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse
Receptor
A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli
Second Messenger
A molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination where an action within the cell is to take place
Voluntary Action
An anticipated goal-orientated movement
Involuntary Action
An action which occurs without the conscious choice of an organism
Reflex Arc
The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between
Reaction Time
The amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
Alzheimer's Disease
A progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the central nervous system, leading to wasting of the muscles and paralysis
Epilepsy
A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Huntington's Disease
A hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia.
Multiple Sclerosis
A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue
Parkinson's Disease
A progressive disorder in which degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine occurs
Neurologist
A neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system
How does communication happen with the body?
An action potential sends through the dendrites down the axon of the neuron. From the axon it then travels to the axon terminal which leads to the synapse, the action potential travels over to the next neurons dendrites over the synaptic cleft.
What's the basic structure and function of a neuron?
Dendrites-what receive the signal
Axon-carries the signal long distances
Axon terminal-where the signal gets branched off to other neurons
Synapse-where two neurons meet
Synaptic cleft-gap where action potential jumps
Nodes of Ranvier-gap between myelin sheath
that allows nutrients in and waste out
Myelin Sheath-speeds up process and insulates the axon
Motor Neuron
Interneuron
Sensory Neuron
How do different types of neurons work together to send and receive neurons?
Afferent Neurons are sensory neurons [goes to
CNS]
inter neurons connect afferent and efferent neurons in any way they come, efferent neurons are motor neurons [away from CNS]
How are electrical impulses created in the human body?
Na/K pump
How do neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals?
Electrical impulses send signals down the neuron and chemical impulses send the neurotransmitters as a signal between neurons
What factors impact our ability to react to a stimulus?
Exciting our sensory organs or muscular contraction
How and why does reaction time differ in reflex and voluntary actions?
In reflex actions, reaction time is quicker because your body doesn't send the signal all the way to your brain it just travels to your spinal cord and acts from that. When it's a voluntary action you have to send the signal all the way to your brain, it'll take a couple laps around your brain, and then it'll react based on that having a slower reaction time.
How do errors in communication impact homeostasis in the human body?
Well just like if you have multiple sclerosis, you cant get the signal, so balance in blood sugar could be off, and other things leading to other things, like kidney failure and heart attack
Explain how neurons communicate at the synapse
Dendrites receives an impulse - cell body - nucleus - axon covered in myelin [nodes of ranvier and schwann cells] - axon terminal - neurotransmitter sends the chemical message across the synapse to the next neuron's dendrites
Identify and describe the role of the healthcare professionals who treat neurological patients
Often they are the ones trying to balance out symptoms as most, if not all neurological diseases are uncurable
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