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Berman, B. E., Prokhorov, V. G., and Khairetdinov, I. A., 1965, Formation temperatures of pyrite-polymetallic mineralization of Eastern Tuva: Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii, v. 7, no. 4, p. 63–75 (in Russian). Berzina, A. P., and Sotnikov, V. I., 1965, Data on the tem perature and pressure accompanying the formation of the Sorskii deposits: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 163, no. 1, p. 179–182 (in Russian); translated in Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Doklady, Earth Sci. sec., v. 163 p. 90–92, 1965. 1968, Physico-chemical characteristics of ore-forming solutions in the Sorskoye ore deposit, in Mineralogical thermometry and barometry, volume 1: Moscow, “Nauka" Press, p. 338–343 (in Russian). Beskrovnyy, N. S., 1958, Evidences of oil in the volcanic pipes of the Siberian platform: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 122, no. 1, p. 119–122 (in Russian); translated in Acad. Sci U.S.S.R. Proc., v. 122, p. 733–736, 1958. Beskrovnyy, N. S., and Baranova, T. E., 1963, Petroleum bitumens in pegmatites and carbonatites: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 149, p. 918–921 (in Russian); translated in Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Doklady, Earth Sci. sec., v. 149, p. 62–65, 1963. Beskrovnyy, N. S., Svetozarskii, E. A., and Levitin, B. M., 1967, Petroleum bitumens in scheelite-bearing hedenbergitic skarns and marbles of the Ingichka mine (Uzbek SSR): Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 172, p. 437–440 (in Russian). Bienfait, M., and Kern, R., 1965, Établissement de la forme d'équilibre d'un cristal (Méthode de Lemmlein-Klija): Soc. française minéralogie et cristallographie Bull., v. 87, no. 4, p. 604-613. Bilgram, H., 1903, Inclusions in quartz: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 55, pt. 3, p. 700. Billings, G. K., Kesler, S. E., and Jackson, S. A., 1969, Rela tion of zinc-rich formation waters, northern Alberta, to the Pine Point ore deposit: Econ. Geology, v. 64, p. 385-391. Blais, R. A., 1954, A petrologic and decrepitometric study of the gold mineralization at the O'Brien mine, northwestern Quebec: Univ. Toronto, Ph. D. thesis, 292 p., 61 figs., 5 maps, 14 tables. Bloss, F. D., 1964, Optical extinction of anorthite at high temperatures: Am. Mineralogist, v. 49, p. 1125–1131. Blount, C. W., 1965, The solubility of anhydrite in the sys tems CaSO,-1,0 and CaSO,-NaCl-H,0 and its geologic significance: Univ. California at Los Angeles Ph. D. dissert., 184 p.; Dissert. Abs., v. 26, p. 3859, 1966. Blount, C. W., and Dickson, F. W., 1966, Solubility of celes tite (Srso,) in H,0 from 50° to 250°C and 100 to 1,500 bars [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 101, p. 19–20 (published in 1968). 1969, The solubility of anhydrite (Caso.) in NaClH,0 from 100° to 450°C and 1 to 1,000 bars: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 33, p. 227–245. Bochkarev, A. I., and Moskalyuk, A. A., 1968, Temperature conditions of formation of quartz bodies and crystalbearing druses occurring in carbonate rocks (for one of the Ural deposits): Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Geol. Inst. (VSEGEI) Trudy, v. 162, pt. 1, p. 70–73 (in Russian). Bocharova, G. I., 1964, Bitumens in hydrothermal veins of the Kurultyken deposit (Eastern Transbaikal): Akad.
Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 156, no. 3, p. 590—591 (in Rus sian). Bock, E., 1961, On the solubility of anhydrous calcium sul phate and of gypsum in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride at 25°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C: Canadian Jour. Chemistry, v. 39, no. 9, p. 1746–1751. Bodenlos, A. J., 1954, Magnesite deposits in the Serra das Éguas, Brumado, Bahia, Brazil: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 975-C, p. 87–170. Bodine, M. W., Holland, H. D., and Borcsik, M., 1965, Co precipitation of manganese and strontium with calcite, in Symposium-Problems of postmagmatic ore deposition, Prague, 1963, Volume 2: Prague, Czechoslovakia Geol. Survey, p. 401–406. Bogolepov, V. G., and Bocharov, V. E., 1968, Methods for the identification and certain causes of vertical metasomatic zonation, as in the greisen ore deposits in central Kazakhstan, in Mineralogical thermometry and barometry, volume 1: Moscow, “Nauka” Press, p. 248– 260 (in Russian). Bogomolov, G. V., and Krasovskii, V. F., 1967, Effect of mineral-forming solutions on the composition of interstitial and subsurface waters: Akad. Nauk Beloruss. SSR Doklady, v. 11, no. 5, p. 430–433 (in Russian); Chem. Abs., v. 67, no. 24, 1967. Bogoyavlenskaya, I. V., 1965, Recent work in the USA on inclusions of mineral-forming solutions (1958–1963), in Mineralogical thermometry and barometry: Moscow, “Nauka" Press, p. 293-300 (in Russian). 1968, New papers on inclusions of mineral-forming solutions in foreign countries of Europe and Asia (1955– 1965), in Mineralogical thermometry and barometry, volume 2: Moscow, “Nauka" Press, p. 263–272 (in Russian). Bogoyavlenskaya, I. V., and Blyakhman, Ye. I., 1966, Tem perature of crystal formation of fluorite of Irbinsk deposits, in Ermakov, N. P., ed., Research on mineralforming solutions (Materials of the first symposium on gas-liquid inclusions in minerals, Moscow, May 17– 24, 1963): Moscow, “Nedra” Press, p. 228 (in Russian); also listed as All-Union Research Inst. Synthetic Mineral Raw Materials, Ministry Geology U.S.S.R. Trans.,
Bokii, G. B., Tsurinov, G. G., Sokol, V. I., and Kolodyazhn'y, V. Z., 1961, Immersion liquids for crystal optical measurements at very low temperatures (from –100°): Zhur. Neorg. Khimii, v. 6, p. 1754–1758 (in Russian). Bolman, J., 1940, Insluitsels in smaragd van Muzo-Columbia : Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 2, no. 4, p. 57–65 (in Dutch). Borcoș, M., and Manilici, V., 1965 Geothermometric analysis —a criterion for the determination of thermodynamic conditions of hydrothermal mineralization, in Symposium-Problems of postmagmatic ore deposition, Prague, 1963, Volume 2: Prague, Czechoslovakia Geol. Survey, p. 356–363. Borcoș, Mircea, 1964, Observations concerning the impor tance of geologic thermometry by inclusions in sphalerite crystals from Romanian hydrothermal deposits: Studii și Cercetări de Geol., Geof., Geog., Seria Geologie, v. 9, no. 2, p. 139–449 (in Romanian). 1965a, Observations concerning the determination of the thermodynamic conditions of formation of certain veins and ore deposits of the region Monts Metalliferes: Studii și Cercetări de Geol., Geof., Geog., Seria Geologie, v. 10, no. 1, p. 229–245 (in Romanian). (For English translation, somewhat revised, see Borcoș (1966).) Page 3
1968a, Method of removing and studying gases and liquids from inclusions in minerals, in Mineralogical thermometry and barometry, volume 2: Moscow, “Nauka" Press, p. 23–31 (in Russian). 1968b, Method of study of the composition of gases in small samples of minerals and rocks, in Mineralogical thermometry and barometry, volume Moscow, “Nauka" Press, p. 251–255 (in Russian). Elinson, M. M., and Polykovskii, V, S., 1961a, The gases in quartz crystals from Maidantal: Vyssh. Ucheb. Zavedeniy Izv., Geologiya i Razved. 1961, no. 11, p. 26-36 (in Russian). 1961b, Some characteristics of the process of formation of quartz crystal pegmatites as revealed by an investigation of gas inclusions in minerals and rocks: Geokhimiya, 1961, no. 10, p. 881–890 (in Russian); translated in Geochemistry, no. 10, p. 977–987, 1961. 1963, Gas composition of pneumatolytic-hydrothermal solutions: Geokhimiya, 1963, no. 8, p. 767–776 (in Russian); translated in Geochemistry, no. 8, p. 799–807, 1963. 1967, On the gaseous composition of solutions which participated in the formation of rock crystal-bearing veins in skarns: Geokhimiya 1967, no. 2, p. 170-177 (in Russian, English abs.); translated in Geochemistry Internat., no. 1, p. 108–114, 1967. On the gaseous composition of solutions which partici- pated in the formation of greisens and quartz-wolframite veins of Maidantal: Geokhimiya, 1969, no. 5, p. 571-581 (in Russian). Elinson, M. M., and Sazonov, V. D., 1966, Content of gases in minerals from deposits of the Kurusai ore field in Karamazar: Vyssh. Ucheb. Zavedeniy Izv., Geologiya i Razved., v. 9, no. 4, p. 48–53 (in Russian). Ellis, A. J., 1962, Interpretation of gas analyses from the Wairakei hydrothermal area: New Zealand Jour. Sci., v. 5, p. 434–452. 1967, Partial molal volumes of MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl, and BaCl, in aqueous solution to 200°: Jour. Chem. Soc., Sec. A, Inorg., Phys., and Theor. Chemistry, 1967, p. 660664. 1968, Natural hydrothermal systems and experimental hot-water/rock interaction: Reactions with NaCl solutions and trace metal extraction: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 32, p. 1356-1363. Ellis, A. J., and Anderson, D. W., 1961, The geochemistry of bromine and iodine in New Zealand thermal waters: New Zealand Jour. Sci. v. 4, p. 415–430. Ellis, A. J., and Golding, R. M., 1963, The solubility of car- bon dioxide above 100°C in water and in sodium chloride solutions: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 261, p. 47–60. Ellis, A. J., and Mahon, W. A. J., 1964, Natural hydrothermal systems and experimental hot-water/rock interactions: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 28, p. 1323-1357. 1966, Geochemistry of the Ngawha hydrothermal area: New Zealand Jour. Sci., v. 9, no. 2, p. 440–456. 1967, Natural hydrothermal systems and experimental hot water/rock interactions (Part II): Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 31, no. 4, p. 519–538. Ellis, A. J., and Wilson, S. H., 1960, The geochemistry of alkali metal ions in the Wairakei hydrothermal system: New Zealand Jour. Geology and Geophysics, v. 3, no. 4, p. 593-617.
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Zirkel, Ferdinand, 1866, Über die mikroskopische Zusam mensetzung und Structur der diessjärigen Laven von Nea-Kammeni bei Santorin: Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, Geologie, u. Paläontologie, v. 53, p. 769–787. 1868, Über die Verbreitung mikroskopischer. Nepheline: Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, Geologie, u. Paläontologie, 1868, p. 697–721. 1870a, Untersuchungen über die mikroskopische Zusammensetzung und Structur der Basaltgesteine: Bonn, Adolph Marcus, 208 p. 1870b, Mikromineralogische Mittheilungen: Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, Geologie, u. Paläontologie, 1870, p. 801-832. 1873, Die Mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Mineralien und Gesteine: Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann,
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1876, Microscopical petrography: U.S. Geol. Explor. 40th Parallel (King), v. 6, 297 p. 1893, Lehrbuch der Petrographie: Leipzig, Englemann (see p. 166–192). Zolotukhin, V. V., 1959, Calcite and “preserved” water in the olivine dacites of the Black Mountain (Transcarpathia): Geol. Zhur., v. 19, no. 4, p. 96-99 (in Russian). 1962, High-temperature anhydrite in the Noril'sk ores: Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 147, p. 916-919 (in Russian); translated in Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Doklady, Earth Sci. sec., v. 147, p. 154-156, 1964. 1965, Mineralogy of reaction formations in ores of Norilsk, in Materialy po genetischeskoi i eksperimental’noi mineralogii, V. 3: Akad. Nauk SSSR Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, Inst. Geologii i Geofiziki Trudy, no. 31, p. 129-177 (in Russian, English abs.). Zolotukhin, V. V., Zyuzin, N. I., Serebernnikov, A. I., and Vasil'ev, Yu. R., 1966, Formation temperature of pyrrhotite and occurrence of troilite in some trap intrusions : Akad. Nauk SSSR Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, Geologiya i Geofizika, v. 1966, no. 2, p. 77–87 (in Russian). Zwaan, P. C., 1958, Remarks on inclusions in an aquamarine : Acad. Sci. Amsterdam Proc., ser. B, v. 61, p. 260-264 (in English). Page 12
TABLE 1.–Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Bellière, 1919. Berger, 1960 Berger and Moskalyuk, 1962. Bergman and Blankenburg, 1964. Berman and others, 1965.Berzina and Sotnikov, 1965. Berzina and Sotnikov, 1968. Bilgram, 1903. Blais, 1954. Bochkarev and Moskalyuk, 1968. Bogolepov and Bocharov, 1968. Bogoyavlenskaya and Blyakhman, 1966. Bolman, 1940. Borcos, 1964. Borcos, 1965a.
Cu-Pb-Zn OD eastern Tuva, U.S.S.R. Q; Cu-Mo Sorskii OD, U.S.S.R. Q, F, Cu-Mo Sorskii OD, U.S.S.R. Q; meta. Q; Au OD. Q; rock crystal veins; Urals, U.S.S.R. Various greisens; Kazakhstan. F; Irbinsk OD, U.S.S.R.
C; emerald. S; various Romanian OD. Q. C, S; Monts Metalliferes, OD, Romania. Q; various Romania OD. Q, C, dolomite; Monts Metalliferes OD, Romania. Various; Toroiaga-Tiganul OD, Romania. S; various OD. S; various OD. Q, C, B, epidote; various OD. Q; graphic granite from peg. Q; AU OD. Q: vein OD. Q veins; Au OD. Halite; various sources. Cassiterite, S, Q, F; Cornish Sn OD. Q, C, F, B;OD. Apophyllite; Korsun- Novomirgorod pluton, U.S.S.R. Qi pegs; Ukraine, U.S.S.R. Q. T, Q, F, etc. Q; Quebec. T, Q, F, etc. T, amber, etc. Sapphire. T. Beryl, calcite. Amber. T.
Bratus' and others, 1968.- Breislak, 1818, p. 370-376. Brewster, 1823a Brewster, 1823b. Brewster, 1826a Brewster, 1826b. Brewster, 1827 Brewster, 1845b. Brewster, 1849 Brewster, 1853a Brewster, 1853b.
Brewster, 1862. Brinck, 1956.. Brown, C. E., 1967, Budzinski and others, 1959.
Buerger, 1932a. Buldakov, 1964 Bunsen, 1851. Buseck, 1966.
Butler and others, 1920, Butuzov and Ikornikova, 1955. Cameron and others, 1951. Cameron and others, 1953. Chaigneau, 1967a..
Diamond, T, etc. Q; Au veins; Surinam. F, Vug3 in shale; Iowa. Danburite; Zechstein halite. OD, Mexico. Q; porphyry Cu OD. Synthetic Q. Q, beryl; pegs. Q, beryl; pegs. Apatite; Oka complex, Canada. Q; peg; Volynia. Various; Bliava OD, Southern Urals, U.S.S.R. Sylvite; Werra district; East Germany. S; various Mississippi Valley OD. Q; W OD. General. Aquamarine, halite, etc.
Chaikovsky, 1951 Chakravarty, 1967.
Cleveland, 1964.. Comte and Deicha, 1956.- Correns, 1953.. Correns, 1954.
Table 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Courtis, 1890 Coy-Yll and Font-Altaba, 1966. Currie, 1951.. Czamanske and others, 1963. Davy, 1822 Dawson, 1966. Deicha, 1948. Deicha, 1949a Deicha, 1949b. Deicha, 1950a Deicha, 1950b Deicha, 1950c Deicha, 1950d. Deicha, 1950e. Deicha, 1952a Deicha, 1952b. Deicha, 1954. Deicha, 1955
Deicha, 1958 Deicha, 1965. Dekate, 1961 Dekate, 1963 Dellwig, 1955. Dewey, 1818 Dmitriev, 1958. Dobretsova, 1968. Dolgov, 1954. Dolgov, 1955.
Q; various localities. B; Nova Scotia. Albite; meta. Q, C, albite; meta. Q; meta. Q; meta. General. Qi granite. General Q: meta. Q; peg. Q. Q: Sn and WOD. Various (including villiaumite). Q: meta. OD: Copiapo, Chile. B; Pulivendla, India. Q, T, F, siderite; W OD. Halite. Q. Q, F; Kazakhstan pegs. Various. Q; sed; U.S.S.R. High temperature quartz; U.S.S.R. Q; peg; U.S.S.R. Q; vein OD; U.S.S.R. Q, T, beryl; pegs; U.S.S.R. Q; pegs; U.S.S.R. Q. T; pegs; U.S.S.R. Q, T, beryl, F, tourmaline; pegs; U.S.S.R. Various minerals (a review) Q, T; pegs; U.S.S.R. T: pegs; U.S.S.R. Various minerals. Q; peg; U.S.S.R.
Dolgov, 1957a Dolgov, 1957b Dolgov, 1963. Dolgov, 1964a Dolgov, 1964b. Dolgov, 1965a Dolgov, 1965c. Dolgov, 1968a Dolgov, 1968c Dolgov, 1968d. Dolgov and Bakumenko, 1964. Dolgov, Bazarov, and Bakumenko, 1968. Dolgov, Makagon, and Sobolev, 1967. Dolgov and Popova, 1968. Dolgov and Serebrennikov, 1968. Dolgov and Shugurova, 1966a. Dolgov and Shugurova, 1966b. Dolgov and Shugurova, 1968. Dolomanova, 1966..
II 2S, chro mite(?), X. H2S, cro mite(?), x.
Q, T, S, tourmaline and molybdenite(?); various OD; U.S.S.R. Q; Sherlovogora and Spokoynoye OD; Transbaikal. Q; Transbaikal. Q crystals; Italy. Paleozoic halite; primary inclusions. B; sed; concretion. Q; Various hydrothermal OD. B; FOD; Transbaikal. F; various OD.
Dolomanova and others, 1968. Dolomieu, 1792 Dombrowski, 1966.- Dons, 1956. Dontsova and Naumov, 1967. Doroshenko, 1966 Doroshenko and others, 1968. Dreyer and others, 1949... Drozdova and others, 1964. Dumas, 1830. Dunham and others, 1965, Dunn, 1929, p. 175. Dwight, 1920 Dymkin and others, 1967.Dzhafarov, 1961. Eckermann, 1948, p. 81, 112, 154. Efimova, 1966. Elinson and Polykovskii, 1961a, 1961b. Elinson, Polykovskii, and Shuvalov, 1969. Ellsworth, 1932.
Halite. F;F OD. Halite. Veins near Rookhope (work by F. J. Sawkins). Q; AU OD. Q. Scapolite; Turgai magnetite deposit, U.S.S.R. Pyrite On. Carbonatite; Alnö Island, Sweden. Sn-Pb-Zn OD; U.S.S.R. Q; pegs; Maidantal. Q; Q-Wolframite veins; Maidantal. Various Canadian pegs. Q; western Arkansas, Emerald, T, etc.
TABLE 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Emerald; Burbar, Colombia. Blue spinel; Ceylon. C; sed; Indiana. T. C; Mississippi Valley Pb-Zn OD. F; hyd. OD. Q, F, B, C; hyd, OD. Q, R, C, B; various OD. Č (Iceland spar). Q; meta veins. T; pegs. Also saline minerals. Various samples. Q; meta; Briestenstock (Alps), etc. Various. S; various OD, general. Q. 0, T, F; chambered peg; Volynia.
Hematite Glass, graphic granite. Many
Review of use for exploration. Various OD. Halo in country rock of peg; U.S.S.R. Q; pegs; Volynia.
Northrupite; Green River Formation. F, Q, pyrite; Krasnye Kholmy OD, U.S.S.R. Hg-Sb OD. Q; Hg OD. Pegmatitic beryl. Q; Au veins. Synthetic emerald.
Fedorchuk, 1963, Fedorchuk, 1965- Feklichev, 1962 Ferguson and Gannett, 1932. Flanigen and others, 1967.
Ign; Khibiny and Ilmen massifs, U.S.S.R. F; Spain. C; Derbyshire Pb-Ba OD.
Florovskaya and others, 1966. Font-Altaba, Montoriol Pous, and Amigo, 1966. Ford and King, 1965, p. 1692, 1698. Fosberry, 1963. Frank-Kamenetsky, 1951.. Freas, 1961. Fryklund and Fletcher, 1956. Galkiewicz, 1965. Gapon, 1962 Garbuzov and Khetchikov, 1965. Gerlach and Heller, 1966.. Germanov, 1946.. Girault, 1966 Girault, 1967 Girault and Chaigneau, 1967. Giuşcă and others, 1968. Gol'dberg, 1967.
Q and C; South-West Africa. BOD. S, F, Q; Zn OD, S; Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho. S; Silesia-Krakow Zn OD. Native gold. S, G; Tetyukhe OD, U.S.S.R. Halite; natural and synthetic. Q. F; Cu-pyrite OD; Armenia. Apatite; Oka, Canada. Apatite; Oka, Canada. Apatite; Oka, Canada.
Gol'dberg and Belyayeva, 1965. Golovchenko, 1966 Go-Tsin, 1965. Govorov and others, 1968.
Grigorchuk, 1962. Grigorchuk, 1964..
Various Romanian OD. Alkalic and ultramafic dike rocks; U.S.S.R. C; Lower Tunguska OD, U.S.S.R. Cinnabar; Hg OD; U.S.S.R. OD; Far East (U.S.S.R.). OD, U.S.S.R. Q, C, S; Krasnoyarovo- Zolinsk OD, U.S.S.R. F; F-S OD. Various minerals from granites. Q, F, molybdenite,
Table 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Q, F; Sn OD; Mount Bischoff, Tasmania. Beryl; pegs. Q; Aurakhmat polymetal lic OD, U.S.S.R. F, Q; Aurakhmat poly metallic OD, U.S.S.R. F, Q; Aurakhmat poly metallic OD, U.S.S.R. F, Q; Aurakhmat and Chatmazar OD, U.S.S.R. F, Q; OD; U.S.S.R. C, F; OD; U.S.S.R. F; Aurakhmat poly metallic OD, U.S.S.R. Peg minerals; Oigainga, U.S.S.R. F, Q, C; Chatmazar and Bulatsay, U.S.S.R. F.
Grushkin, 1953. Grushkin, 1954. Grushkin, 1958.
Various gems. Emerald. Emerald. Various gems. Various gems. Synthetic emerald. Dolomite; Tunisia.
Various minerals, F; Podolian sandstones; U.S.S.R. F; various ign. F; various ign.
Grushkin and Bykov, 1952. Grushkin and Khel'vas, 1950. Grushkin and Khel'vas, 1951. Gübelin, 1943 Gübelin, 1945 Gübelin, 1950 Gübelin, 1953. Gübelin, 1957 Gübelin, 1964. Guilhaumou and Ognar, 1969. Gurevich, 1961 Gurova, 1968. Gurova and Galetskii, 1968. Gurova and Marchenko, 1968. Gurova and Val'ter, 1968.- Hall, 1967 Hammerschmidt, 1883. Harrington, 1905. Hartley, 1876a Hartley, 1876b. Hartley, 1876c. Hartley, 1877a. Hartley, 1877b.Hartley, 1877c. Hawes, 1878 Hawes, 1881 Hayden, 1819. Hegel and Schlossmacher,1956. Hidden, 1882 Hoagland, 1951a Holden, 1925 Holland, T. H., 1900.
Q; meta. Emerald. Q. Massive Q veins associated with periodotites; India. S, Q; Pb-Zn OD; Providencia, Mexico. Qi granite. Qi granite. Q; Sn OD, Various micas. Q: ign; Nevada. Q; OD Apuseni Moun- tains, Romania. Lovozero alkalie massif, U.S.S.R. Various minerals; Khibinsk massif, U.S.S.R. Nepheline; Khibinsk massif, U.S.S.R. Eudialyte; Khibinsk massif, U.S.S.R. Various minerals; Whibinsk massif, U.S.S.R. Various minerals; Khibinsk massif, U.S.S.R. Various minerals; Khibinsk
Villiaumite, NaF Villiaumi Naf.
Ivantishin, 1955.. Iwao and others, 1953
TABLE 1.–Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions- Continued
Q; OD: Yugoslavia. C, Q; dinosaur bones. Q. Emerald. Q; meta veins; Xique- Xique, Brazil. F; Zn OD; middle Kentucky. Various minerals. Scapolite. T and various rocks. Various minerals. Q, Herkimer, N.Y.; T, Brazil, and others. Q, F, peg; U.S.S.R. Q, F, microcline; peg; U.S.S.R. Q; meta veins; U.S.S.R. T; peg; Volynia. Q, T, F, etc; peg; U.S.S.R. T; peg; Volynia.
Various samples. Q, B, T. Phenocrysts in ign.
Q, S, ankerite; veins, meta; U.S.S.R. Q; peg; Volynia.
Kalyuzhnyi and Koltun, 1953. Kalyuzhnyi and others, 1966. Kalyuzhnyi and Pritula, 1967 Kalyuzhnyi and Shchiritsya, 1962. Kalyuzhnyi and Voznyak, 1967.
Nalgol'nyi Ridge OD, U.S.S.R. Q; Zanorysh type peg; U.S.S.R.
Kantor and Eliáš, 1968. Kapchenko, 1963 Kapustin, 1966. Karamyan and Faramazyan, 1959. Karamyan and Madanyan, 1968. Karpinskii, 1880 Karskii and Zorin, 1968. Karyakin, 1954, Karyakin and Piznyur, 1965. Kashiwagi and others, 1955. Kashkai and others, 1968.
Q; various stibnite deposits . Various samples—a review Apatite; Kola, U.S.S.R. Gypsum; Cu-Mo OD; U.S.S.R. Q; Kadzharan Cu-Mo OD, U.S.S.R. Q: peg; Urals. Muscovite; peg; Mamsk. Q; Urals. Q, C; near-polar Urals.
Garnet; Dashkesan Fe OD, U.S.S.R. Q; Precambrian sed; U.S.S.R. Q; sed (two types of organic solids). Telluride ores; Colorado. Q, cassiterite, etc.; various OD: Bolivia.
F. Nepheline; eastern Sayan, U.S.S.R. Nepheline; Botogol deposit, U.S.S.R. Pyrite and marcasite OD.
Khel'vas, 1959 Khel'vas, 1964
Q; hyd veins in porphyry; Pamir. Q; Idzhebanskii OD, Armenia. Q; Fe OD. F; Pb-Zn skarn OD; U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. Synthetic quartz. Synthetic quartz.
Q; Sn-sulfide OD; U.S.S.R. S, G; polymetallic skarn OD: Tetyukhe, U.S.S.R. Granite peg. Q, C; Fe OD in KMA; U.S.S.R. B, C; Chordsk barite OD; U.S.S.R. Gypsum. Q; Mo OD; British Columbia. F (octahedral and cubic); Erzgebirge. Iceland spar; Siberia.
Kinoshita, 1924. Kirkham, 1969. Page 13
TABLE 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Polykovski, Neklyudov, and Idrisova, 1966. Polykovskii and Roizenman, 1965. Polykovskii and Roizenman, 1966. Polykovskii, Roizenman, and others, 1963. Pomîrleanu, 1957. Pomîrleanu, 1959 Pomírleanu, 1965. Pomirleanu, 1968a. Pomîrleanu, 1968b. Pomîrleanu, Apostoloiu, and Maieru, 1965. Pomîrleanu and Barbu, 1964. Pomîrleanu, Barbu, and others, 1967. Pomirleanu and Movileanu, 1966. Pomirleanu and Movileanu, 1967. Pomirleanu and Movileanu, 1968a. Pomirleanu and Movileanu, 1968b. Pomîrleanu, Movileanu, and others, 1968. Pomîrleanu and Petreus, 1968a. Pomîrleanu and Petreus, 1968b. Popov, 1963 Poty, 1968a Poty, 1968 Pough, 1965. Prikazchikov, 1966 Prikazchikov and others, Prinz, 1882 Prokhorov, 1965. Prokhorov and Khayretdinov, 1965. Prokhorov, Miroshniko, and Khayretdinov 1968. Puchner and Holland, 1966. Pulou and de Croizant, 1965. Pushkina and Yakovleva, 1957. Puzanov, 1958 Puzanov, 1960- Puzanov and Kudakova, 1964. Puzanov and Kudakova, 1966a. Puzanov and Kudakova, 1966b. Rakhmanov, 1963. Rakhmanov, 1965.
Q; W-Mo-Sn skarn OD, Q; veins in skarn. Q veins, quartzite, granites. Q, quartzites and granites; Aldan, U.S.S.R. Q; various crystal OD; Aldan, U.S.S.R. Various skarn minerals. Scheelite, C, granite; Maikhura skarn OD, U.S.S.R. Q: peg; southern Gissar, Halo in country rocks near F OD; U.S.S.R. C (Iceland spar). Various minerals. Q; Alpine veins. Q: sed. Q: Quenast diorite; Belgium. Q, from Quenast diorite; Belgium, and CO, from S; Santander, Spain, Q; Ascension Island granitic blocks. Synthetic Q.
Rakhmanov, 1968. Rakhmanov and Ryabov, 1968. Ramenskaya, 1960. Rasumny, 1960, 1965 Raumer, 1967 Reese, 1898 Renard, 1876.
Renard, 1889, p. 64. Richter and Ingerson, 1954, Rodzyanko, 1967. Rodzyanko and Trufanov, 1964. Roedder, 1958, p. 265.. Roedder, 1960a...
Tourmaline, axinite, and datolite. Datolite, C, G, S, etc.; Page 14
TABLE 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
X, H2S, hematite, anhydrite(?).
Roedder, Edwin, and Heyl, A. V., in U.S. Geological Survey, 1965, p. A155 (see also next entry). Roedder, Heyl and Creel, 1967, 1968. Roedder, Ingram, and Hall, 1963. Roedder, Edwin and Skinner, B. J., in U.S. Geological Survey, 1967, p. A159-A 160 (see also Skinner and others, 1967). Roehl, 1968. Rogers and Sperisen, 1942. Roizenman, 1965. Rose, 1839 Rouse, 1952 Ruchkin and Nikolaichuk, 1968. Rutherford, 1963. Rutherford and Arnold, 1963. Ryabov, 1962. Ryabov, 1966. Ryabov, 1968. Ryabov and Ruchkin, 1968. Rye, 1965.
Safronov, 1957a. Safronov, 1957b. Safronov, 1958..
TABLE 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions-Continued
Schlossmacher, 1932, p. 348-451. Schlossmacher, 1955. Schmidt, A., 1881, Schmidt, R. A., 1962 Schröder, 1925, p. 270.
Scott, 1948 Seeliger, 1950 Senchilo and Komarov, 1962. Shamrai and Trufanov, 1968. Shaposhikov and Ermakov, 1968. Sharkov, 1958 Shcherba, 1960.. Shcherba and others, 1964. Shchiritsya, 1960Sheshulin, 1961 Shestakov and Prokhorov, 1965. Shiobara, 1961
Various gemstones. S; Wiesloch Zn OD. S, C: Pb-Zn OD. Miarolitic cavities in granite. Q and various minerals. S, etc; Pb-Zn OD; Ruhr. Q; Mo OD. Various minerals; Hg OD; northern Caucasus. Q, Synthetic. Q; meta veins. Various Kazakhstan OD, Q, etc.; Mo-W OD. Q; veins in meta. Spodumene; peg. Magnetite; Eastern Savan Mountains. Various; Kamioka mine, Japan. Q, F; peg. B, Q: Transcarpathia. Authigenic Q; brown coal deposit. Q; with tourmaline in Au OD, S; Central City district, Colorado. S; polymetallic Zn OD.
Shugurova, 1967a, 1967, b. Sidorenko, 1951 Sidorenko, 1958. Silliman, 1880.
Singewald, 1932, p. 58.--
TABLE 1.–Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Skropyshev, 1957. Skropysher, 1960. Slivko, 1952 Slivko, 1955, p. 66-74.. Slivko, 1958 Slivko, 1966. Slivko, 1969
X, fluoborates, fluorides. X, alkali fluoborates. X
Tourmaline; peg. Tourmaline; peg. Tourmaline; Korets peg; U.S.S.R. Stratiform Pb-Zn OD; U.S.S.R. Q, C, pyrite; McIntyre OD, Ontario. Q, cassiterite, tourmaline; Sn OD. Q vein; Au OD. Q vein; Au OD. Garnet, skarn OD and meta. S; Mississippi Valley-type, and others. Peg minerals. Meta, high-grade. Q; Au veins. Various. Ign, various. General. General. Various minerals. Albite peg Kyanite; peg. Q, T, etc; peg and granite. Various; nepheline basalt; Hungary. Various minerals; Ilímaussaq alkalic intrusion, Greenland. Q vein. Q; peg Various minerals and rocks. Various gems. Granite, Various gems. Q;ign and porphyry Cu OD. Anhydrite. Calcite; Traversella, Italy. Dolomite crystals in tar; California. Q, F, ankerite, adularia; Alpine. Q; Taminser Calanda. Alpine vein minerals. Various minerals; OD. F; Northgate district, Colorado. Synthetic quartz.
Stalder, 1964bStalder, 1967 Stephenson, 1952. Steven, 1960, p. 410.
Stewart, D. B., and Roedder, Edwin, in U.S. Geological Survey, 1963, P. A145. Steyn, 1962. Stoiber and Davidson, 1959. Stronskaya, 1955.. Sukhorskaya and Sukhorskiy, 1967. Suhhorskiy, 1953a.. Sukhorskiy, 1953b. Sukhorskiy, 1954. Sukhorskiy, 1965a. Sukhorskiy, 1965b. Sushchevskaya and others, 1966. Sushchevskaya and Ivanova, 1967. Sutton, 1964. Taber, 1950. Takahashi and others, 1955. Takenouchi, 1962a. Takenouchi, 1962b. Tammann and Seidel, 1932.
Various; Sn-bearing pipes. Q, C; OD; Michigan copper district. Q; tourmaline-muscovite peg Q; veins in quartzite; Aldan, U.S.S.R. Q. C. Q: meta veins. Q; veins in quartzites; Aldan, U.S.S.R. Qi pegs and veins. Q; various Myao-Chan Sn-W deposits, U.S.S.R. Q, wolframite; OD;
Table 1.–Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Touray, 1965 Touray, 1967 Touray, 1968 Touray and Deicha, 1967. Touray and Jauzein, 1967. Touray, Lantelme andVogler, 1966. Touray and Poirot, 1968. Touray and Sabouraud- Rosset, 1970. Touray and Yajima, 1966. Touray and Yajima, 1967. Traveria-Cros and Montoriol-Pous, 1967. Trdlicka and Coufal, 1966. Trdlicka and Kupka, 1964.
Emerald; Colombia. F; Quezzane, Morocco.
Q; Alpine. Czechoslovakia. Metasomatic magnesite OD. Siderite; Goemer OD, Czechoslovakia. Q; peg. Q, T, apatite; pegs; central Kazakhstan. Q, F, apatite, tourmaline; peg; Kazakhstan. Quartz. Q, rhodochrosite; Mn OD; Japan. Q and many others; hyd U OD; U.S.S.R. Q; dolomite, calcite; Krivoi Rog, U.S.S.R. B ores, in processing. OD containing colloidal malacon. B; various OD.
Tschermak, 1903 Tsusue, 1967
Tugarinov and Naumov, 1969. Tugarinov and others, 1963. Turba, 1962 Turovskii and others, 1966. Twenhofel, 1947 Uchameyshvili, 1965, p. 149-150. Uchameyshvili and others, 1966. Ushakovskii, 1966. Usol'tsev, 1966Usol'tsev and Troshin, 1967. Vakhromeev, 1968.
Val'ter and Gurova, 1966.. Val'ter and Gurova, 1968..
Q; Southern Urals. S; Barvinski OD, U.S.S.R. S; eastern Transbaikal, U.S.S.R. F, S; Mississippi Valley type OD; Siberia. F; cementing sandstone. F; Dniester River area, U.S.S.R. Apatite; Kola Peninsula, U.S.S.R. Apatite; Khibini OD, U.S.S.R. F, various Mexican OD. S; various OD. Q; in granites.
Q; meta veins. Q: meta veins. Q, C, F; garnet skarn. Q; various OD. Pyrite ores, in processing. Nepheline; Il'men Mtns., U.S.S.R. Various ign and meta. Q and other minerals.
Albite: pegs; Mamsk. Q veins. General. Q, T, beryl. Q. fialite.
S; Santander, Spain. Synthetic and Australian emeralds. Chrysoberyl. Beryl; Madagascar. Emerald.
Webster, 1953. Webster, 1954 Webster, 1955. Webster, 1956.
Webster, 1962 Weis, 1953. Weller and others, 1952 Wells, 1953.. Westervelt, 1960- Wetzel, 1959.
TABLE 1.-Summary of qualitative phase identification and thermometry of fluid inclusions—Continued
Williams, A. F., 1932, p. 422. Williams, H., 1932..
Winchell, 1910. Wright, A. W., 1881. Wright, C. E., 1880, p. 249. Yajima and Touray, 1967 - Yajima, Touray, and Iiyama, 1967. Yakovlev and Lebodev, 1968. Yakubova, 1952..
Phenocrysts from vocanics; Lassen Peak, Calif. Apatite from carbonatite; Kaiserstuhl, West Germany. Apatite from carbonatite; Kaiserstuhl, West Germany. Q; OD vein. Q: Branchville, Conn. Granite gneiss; Penokie Iron Range. F: Morocco. Albite; Modane. Various minerals; Deputat Sn OD, U.S.S.R. T, Q; pegs; Murzinka, 'Urals, U.S.S.R. Various minerals; peg. F; OD; East Azov region, U.S.S.R. Several chondritic and achondritic meteorites. Q, etc; Pb-Zn OD. Various minerals; Kounrad OD, U.S.S.R. Sulfur; Shorgui OD, U.S.S.R. S, axinite, arsenopyrite; OD. Various; Far Eastern Sn OD, U.S.S.R. Q; meta veins and peg. Q; meta veins.
Yakubova, 1955. Yakubovich, 1964. Yasinskaya, 1967. Ypma, 1963. Yudin, 1968. Yushkin and Srebrodol'skii, 1965. Zabarina, 1965.
Zabarina and Kuts, 1964..
Zakharchenko, 1950. Zakharchenko, 1955Zakharchenko, 1961. Zakharchenko, 1964. Zakharchenko, 1968.
Zakharchenko and others, 1966. Zakharchenko and Trufanov, 1964. Zakrzhevskaya, 1964. Zakrzhevskaya, 1968.
Zatsikha and others, 1967
Q; granites and peg; U.S.S.R. Q, F; various Kazakhstan veins and peg. Q; giant crystal peg; Akzhailyau, U.S.S.R. Ign phosphate OD. Nepheline; Khibiny apatite OD, U.S.S.R. Nepheline; Khibiny apatite OD, U.S.S.R. F; Donets Basin-Azov area, U.S.S.R. Various minerals; Donbass Azov area, U.S.S.R. Q: trachite. Basalt minerals. Many ign minerals. Various rocks. Various ign and meta. Various ign and meta. Anhydrite; Noril'sk OD, U.S.S.R. Anhydrite; Noril'sk OD, U.S.S.R. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite;
Zolotukhin, 1965, p. 133-134. Zolotukhin and others, 1966. Zwaan, 1958. Page 15
Villiaumite foyaite. Peridotite..
TABLE 2.-Analyses of gases from fluid inclusions in rocks and minerals—Continued
Volume percent of evolved gases
GASES HIGH IN “ORGANIC” CONSTITUENTS—Continued Igneous rock Continued
Elinson and Polykovskii, 1961b.26
Calamita magnetite deposit, Elba, Italy. Sample 2. Groverake mine, North Pennines, England. Heated sample. Groverake mine; crushed sample. Stottfieldburn mine, North Pennines, England. Heated Sample. Stottfieldburn mine; crushed sample. Menheniot, east Cornwall, England, Heated sample. Menheniot; crushed
TABLE 3.–Summary of quantitative and semniquanti(X indicates quantitative analyses were made on all samples, or number in parentheses indicates number of samples on which analyses were made. Other symbols: S, of presumably quantitative analysis; N.d., not detected; tr, trace. An attempt was made to report only the original statements of analyses, but it is not always
Page 16
tative chemical and isotopic analyses of fluid inclusions spectrographic determination (qualitative or semiquantitative); R, ratios only were given in original; E, estimate only, qualitative analysis, or qualitative statement possible to recognize duplication where credits are not given or are not available because of partial translation)
Quartz, topaz, and barite; Volynia, etc. Granite and quartz from pegmatites. Quartz and pegmatites; Volynia, U.S.S.R. Various pegmatite minerals. Quartz from Volynia, U.S.S.R. Quartz.31 Quartz from tin-sulfide deposits. Sphalerite and galena from Maritimes, U.S.S.R. Fluorite from greisens. Quartz from greisens. 32 Galena; Transbaikal ore deposits, U.S.S.R.33 Galena; Kazakhstan ore deposits, U.S.S.R.34 Quartz (3), feldspar (3), and biotite (3). Calcite. 36 Barite, Choida deposit. Many, from ore de- posits. 37 Barite; Chordsk deposit, U.S.S.R. Calcite. 38 Fluorite, calcite, barite, quartz, and galena. Cavities in basalts. Do. Quartz, Do.
Quartz; Kazahkstan ore deposits. 41 Quartz, topaz; pegma tites from Volynia.42 Pegmatite minerals and granites. Pegmatite minerals and rocks, 43 Halite and cherts. 44 Various fluorites. 45 Fluorite and feldspar. 46 Fluorite from greisen. 47 Limestone and dolomite. Quartz; Volynia. 48 Quartz. 49 Quartz.
Sobolev and others, 1968.-Sokolov and Zakharchenko, 1961. Sugawara and others, 1944.. Sushchevskaya and Barsukov, 1965. Sushchevskaya and others, 1966. Sushchevskaya and Ivanova,
02, Ar. NH4+1(4), NO3(4); Ti, Cr, Ni, Mn, Sr, Ba, Pb, Zn, Ag, Sn, Cd, Ge; all S. Mn, Ba, Sr, Ti, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mo, Pb, V, Ag, Cd; all s. 02-.
Quartz; Western Pamirs. 52 Fluorite. 53 Quartz, fluorite, etc., from granite pegma- tites. 54 Do. Quartz and fluorite; Kayib massif.55 Tourmaline from pegmatites. Potash salts; Harz and Werra districts. Quartz. Carnallite and sylvite.56 Quartz from pegmatites. Various minerals; Blue bell mine. 57 Rocks, Kola Peninsula.58 Do,59 Igneous rocks, Kola Peninsula, U.S.S.R. Minerals and rocks, Kola Peninsula.60 Alkalic rocks, Kola Peninsula. 61 Alkalic rocks, Kola Peninsula.62 Large inclusion in re- crystallized halite.63 Quartz.64 Quartz; skarns of Tien- Shan. 65 Quartz-feldspar veins. 66 Quartz; skarns of Tien- Shan. 67 Feldspar from granite. Quartz from pegmatites of Volynia. 68 Quartz; giant inclusions giant crystal."
Mn, Ti, La, V(S), and SiF6-2. Ar, He. Sr, He (2), Ar (3).
Page 17
TABLE 5.-Analyses of fluid inclusions made on leach solutions after crushing or ball milling—Continued
Do. Crystals from vugs in Pennsylvanian limestones (presumably later than barite); Portales lead mine, Hansonburg district, near Bingham, N, Mex. 23 Deposit similar to that in analysis 34; Alamo fluorite mine, 3.5 miles northeast of Derry, N. Mex.24 Rim of crystal; Upper Mississippi lead-zinc district, Platteville, Wis. Sample ER 59-62a 23 Core of same crystal as analysis 36; Upper Mississippi lead-zinc district, Platteville, Wis. Sample ER 59-620.25 Oscillator plate reject; Brazil. Locality details unknown. Sample ER 61-3/4.26 Ore-bearing quartz; Eastern Kounrad, U.S.S.R. Sample 520. Quartz-wolframite vein; Northern Kounrad, U.S.S.R. Sample 1. Rock crystal from skarn deposit. Soviet Far East. Vein quartz from skarn deposit; Soviet Far East. White quartz, with cassiterite and arsenopyrite; sulfidetin deposit, Yagodyni district, U.S.S.R. Sample 105, White comb quartz; sulfide tin deposit, Preryvistyi district, U.S.S.R, Sample 573. U.S.S.R. Sample G-1. deposit (stage 1); northwest ern Caucasus, U.S.S.R. Polymetallic deposit of analysis 16 (stage 2). 32 From sulfide-carbonate vein; crosscut 265, polymetallic deposit of analysis 46 (stage 2). Stage 3 of polymetallic deposit of analysis 16; croscut 501, Euhedral crystals in specularite tactite; Quitman Mountains, Tex. Sample "A", 133 Euhedral crystals in meso thermal vein; Maxfield mine, Utah. Sample 9.45 Empire vein, Grass Valley, Calif. Sample 45.34 Wentworth vein, Empire mine, Grass Valley, Calif. Sample 18.35 Columnar recrystallized quartz vein; vein 1, upper zone, Aldan shield, U.S.S.R. Sample 146. Rock crystal; vein 2, inter- mediate zone, Aldan shield, U.S.S.R. Sample 39. Rock crystal; stockwork 59, lower zone, Aldan shield, U.S.S.R. Sample 53. Honeycomb quartz from pegmatite; keremet-tas, U.S.S.R. Sample 14, Crystal-bearing pegmatite veins; Pamir, U.S.S.R. Sample 55b. Dark violet fluorite from pegmatite; Keremet-tas, U.S.S.R. Sample 87n. Pegmatite body No. 72, Aktailyau, U.S.S.R. Sample 172. Smoky crystal from albitized
Quartz (coarse). Sphalerite.. Page 18
TABLE 6.—Quantitative analyses of inclusion fluids-Continued
1 Free CO2, 95,000 ppm; CO3-2, 18,000 ppm; Li, 2,000 ppm. The alkalies and calcium were verified by spectrograph. 2 Free CO2, 50,000 ppm; CO3-2, 35,000 ppm. K value includes Li. 3 Recalculated. Water determinations, on which all concentrations are based, were made on separate samples. The alkalies given are those equivalent to the Cl-1 and S04-? found; all extra alkali (about two to four times as much) was assumed by Faber to be from the leaching of feldspar surfaces. 4 The water determinations, on which all concentrations are based, were estimated optically. Other determinations in analyses 7 through 11, respectively, are: Fe+3, tr.; F-1, 2,900 ppm, ----, 5,050 ppm, tr.; HS103-1, 12,600 ppm, ----, 2,630 ppm, 8,720 ppm, tr.; pH, 6.64, 6.35, 6.70, 7.3, 6.99. Fe+2 and Al+3 were not found. It is not known whether the determinations marked by dashes are not reported” or are “not detected." Crystals of NaCl were seen in some of the inclusions. The gases evolved-highest values in samples 2 and 3 (analyses 8 and 9-included CO2, N2, H2, Ar, He, CH4, and no heavy hydrocarbons. See also footnote 65, table 3. 5 Inclusion volume, 100 mm3. 6 There is some ambiguity in the original tabulation, presented in "mg per 100 ml of solution," in that 8 ml of liquid from the very large inclusion was diluted to 40 ml before analysis. The data given here assume the “mg per 100 ml of solution” refers to the original inclusion fluid. “Na” is Na +K; it was listed as 2.8, but the summation indicates a misprint. SiO2, tr.; pH, 6.9, Sr, 0.18; Ba, 0.3; Li, 0.5; Rb, 0.01, by flame- photometer. Spectroscopy on residue showed Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zr, with traces of Mn and Ti. 7 Unpublished analyses, corrected for leach blank. Na and Cl were determined, even though the entire sample was dissolved, by calculation from the values for K, SO4, and F, and the assumption of a sea water composition; the requirement of electroneutrality provided a check' (Kramer, 1965; oral and written commun., 1963, 1965). 8 Average of four analyses. Includes F, 58 ppm. 9 Includes F, 63 ppm. 10 A single large (3 cm3) inclusion in transparent gypsum crystals up to 30 cm long. A moderate but unmeasured amount of H2S was evolved on opening the inclusion. The pH was about neutral. 11 Data recalculated from the original in grams per liter, using measured density of 1.231. Li, 45 ppm; Rb, 2 ppm; Cs, Mn+2, Fe+3, Al+3, CO3, F, and SiF6-2 were not found. pH (determined by three methods), 4.95-6.2; Eh, -10 to - 130 mV (average, -70 mV). Semiquantitative spectrographic analysis also gave Mn, 0.005 ppm; Fe, 0.005 ppm; Ti, 0.008 ppm; La, 0.005 ppm; Al, 0.01 ppm; V was not found. 12 Data included here for comparison. Also includes, in parts per million, SiO2, >110(?); AI, 450; Fe, 3,200; Mn, 2,000; As, 15; Pb, 104; Zn, 970; Sr, 750; Ba, 200; Cu, 10; Ag, 1; Li, 300; Rb, 169; Cs, 20; NH4, 482; F, 18; Br, 146; 1, 22; NO3, 35; H2S, ~1; Sb, 0.5; Sn, 0.65; Hg, 0.008; Ni, tr.; Cr, tr.; V, W, HCO3, S2O3, NO2, and PO, were not detected. Original pH probably 5 to 6; density at 20°C, 1.264 g/ml. Con- centration of salts was obtained by evaporation at 180°C. Includes some data from White, Anderson, and Grubbs, (1963). 13 This is residue on evaporation; analysis total 1,792 ppm. 14 0.87 heavier than Tokyo city water. 16 NO3, 4.4; NO2, 0.69; SiO2, 24.6; NH3, 0.13; Al, 5.4; Fe, 2.18; pH, 8.1. 16 This is residue on evaporation; analysis total 202 ppm. 17 NO, 0.033; NO2, 0.005; NH4, 0.63 (also given as 0.8 in table 5 of Iwasaki and others, 1956); Fe, 0.67; AI, <0.6; pH, 7.0. See also Kokubu and Katsura (1956).
18 In parts per million: NO3, 0.48; NO2, 2.4; SiO3, 1.4; P, 0.01; F, 0.8; NHA, 0.1; AI, 0.05; and Fe, 2.2. pH was 5.8. 19 “Na+K" only in original; pH, 7.0. 20 The pH was found to be 6-6.5 in each inclusion, presumably by colorimetry (Maslova, 1961). Qualita- tive analysis showed no Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, F, CO3, SO4, or SiO2. Sample 1 (analysis 21) contained dolomite and(?) bitumen on the surface of the bubbles. It also shows an unexplained large excess of cations. 21 Author's average of four analyses of inclusions of total volumes, in cubic millimeters: 20, 2.5, 2.2 +2.5, and 25. This is presumably the same analysis as reported by Fedorchuk (1963), although there are sig. nificant differences in the data given. Fedorchuk, Kostvleva-Labuntseva, and Maslova and others, (1963) list the same analyses. 22 Inclusion volume, 35 mm. 23 Analysis "by Maslova." See analyses 21 and 22, by Maslova (1963). See also footnotes 24 and 25 to table 3. 21 Recalculated. These analyses are also given by Kiyevlenko (1958). No free CO2 was found. All analyses were corrected for solution of calcite during leach. 25 Two crystals from same deposit. pH was measured to be 5-5.5, using the “universal indicator.' 26 Volume of inclusion 89 mm3. (Water was determined and the volume of the cavity was measured.) 27 Volume of inclusion 63 mm? (Water was determined and the volume of the cavity was measured.) 28 Volume of inclusion 7 mm3 (water estimated from assumed 90 percent filling and measured volume of cavity). 29 SiO2, 7,346 ppm; Alt3, 2,900 ppm. (Note: The volume of the inclusions was only estimated. No cor- rection was made for leaching of the calcite, although the leach volume was 1600 times the inclusion volume. The second "control" leach, which was added to the first for the calculations in the original, showed amounts of Ca, K, SO4, SiO2, and Al2O3 nearly equal or greater than the first leach.) Spectrographic determination showed also Mg, 0.001-0.01 ppm; Ti, 0.001-0.01 ppm; Sr, 0.1 ppm; Fe, small traces. The original state- ments of concentration (386 g/l on p. 321 and 410 g/l in table 6) are in disagreement, but they apparently refer to grams per liter of water in the inclusion fluid. Hence, the 410 g/l has been converted to 29.1 weight percent salts, with an assumed liquid density of 1.4, for purposes of comparison here. 30 Corrected for solution of crushed host mineral. 31 Recalculated from data of tables 4 and 6 in the original 1952 references. H20 determinations were made on separate samples. The concentrations are recalculated, as the "concentrations, in percent" of Grushkin and Prikhid'ko (1952, table 6) are apparently grams per 100 grams water. 32 F, 4,000 ppm; SiO2, CO3, NO3, R203, and Fe+2 were not detected. 33 F, 1,400 ppm; SiO2, CO3, NO3, R203, and Fe+2 were not detected. 34 D/H data scaled from graphical plots in Hall and Friedman (1963, figs. 3 and 4). 35 About 0.02 weight percent of Auid was found in sample. 36 Corrections were made to the calcium values for solution of crushed host mineral on leaching (W. E. Hall, oral commun., 1963). 37 Sulfate was not determined but is probably high in view of the deficiency of analyzed anions. 38 Sr determinations in analyses 45-49 (in parts per million), respectively: 8,000,n.d., 4,600, 3,800, and 5,000. CO2 was very low or was not detected. H2O (percent of sample evolved at 1,200°C): 0.19, 0.28, 0.15, 0.11, 0.16. “Less than 20 percent" secondary inclusions were seen in the samples analyzed (p. 136). Page 19
TABLE 8.—Qualitative, semiquantitative, and partial quantitative chemical analyses of inclusions—Continued
Constituents and sample notes
Constituents and sample notes
Motorina and Bakumenko, 1968. Mountain, 1942
Naughton and others, 1966---
Petersil'e and others, 1967 Pfaff, 1871.-
Pirovskiy and Gusev, 1963.
CO2, N2, and sum of (H2S, SO2, NH3, HCI, Cl2) in topaz, Volynia. H2S, CO2, NO, O2, CO, and H2 from inclusions in pegmatites. CO2, 02, N2, and pH, in “geode” from pegmatitic tin deposit. Quartz and fluorite: ratios Na/K, Ca/Mg, and HCO3/CI. Potassium and excess argon in olivine nodules. Na, Ca, and Cl (but no Mg, K, S-2, SO4-2, or CO2) in various sphalerites. CI, Mg, and Ca, but no SO,-?, in halite, Cheshire. D/H ratios on H2O from inclusions in quartz and carbonates. CI, F, Br, I, and B203 on water leach from rock. Gases and bitumens in tektites. Cl and H2O in various minerals and rocks. Elemental and chromatographic analyses of four bitumens from volcanic vent rocks. Cu and Zn in Mississippi Valley-type deposits (<100 to ~1,000 ppm in water leaches, oral commun., 1968). CO2, H2O, in 10 samples of pegmatitic quartz. CO2, H2O, and hydrocarbons in quartz from La Gardette and Mont Blanc. Na, Mn, Cu, and Zn in hydro- thermal quartz, Zacatecas, Mexico, by neutron activation. Potassium and excess argon in quartz and fluorite. Na and Cl in quartz, Quenast diorite. CO2 and H2O in quartz, Grass Valley, Calif. CO, and H2O in olivine nodules. N2, CO2, and CH4 in Wieliczka halite. Na and Cl in Oligocene gypsum. 018 and C13 in fluid inclusions, Providencía, Mexico. K, Na, Cl, Ca, and S0,-2 in Dauphiné and New York quartz. Cl and S0,-? in light sphalerite. Na/K ratios, North Pennine orefield, England. Na/K ratios, Cornwall ore field, England.
Schaffhäutl, 1843_ Chlorine monoxide in fluorite from Wolsendorf. Schertel, 1878.. Na, Cl, Zn, and S0,-2 in sphalerite from Spain. Scholander and Nutt, 1960.-. CO, in air inclusions in Greenland ice. Shugurova, 1967a - CO, and N2 in 16 samples of pegmatitic quartz. Sine, 1925 F, in antozonite, Ontario. Sorby, 1858 Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, S04-?, and pH in calcite from Vesuvius (p. 480), quartz (p. 471-473), etc. Sorby and Butler, 1869. (Na, K) and Cl in emerald. Stalder, 1967.. CO2, H2O, CH4, N2, and H.S in Alpine quartz by mass spectrometry. Tammann and Seidel, 1932. CO2, O.,, N2, and hydrocarbons in halite. Touray, 1968 CO2/H2O ratios in 17 samples by mass spectrometry. Touray and others, 1966 CO2/H2O ratios by mass spectrometry of gases evolved on decrepitation. Touray and Sagon, 1967. .-. H2O, CH., and hydrocarbons by mass spectrometry. Touray and Yajima, 1966. CO., by mass spectrometry of gases from heating Alpine quartz. Valyashko and others, 1968..-- Fe, Si, Al, K, Mn, CI, S, Ca, TR, Ti, Cu, and Mg by X-ray spectrometry in solid and congealed inclusions from the Khibiny apatite deposits, U.S.S.R. Vertushkov, 1966 CO, and H20, Uralian vein quartz. Vlasenko, 1957 Na, K, Ca, Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, CI, SO4, CO3-?, in nepheline syenite. Wardlaw and Schwerdtner, Br in primary inclusions in 1966. halite. Weber, 1908, p. 223 NH3, S-2, and H2S, in sphalerite from Santander. Weinschenck, 1896. CO., from heating fluorite. Wimmenauer, 1963 K and Na in apatite, Kaiserstuhl carbonatite. Wlotzka, 1961 NH; in pegmatitic quartz. Wyrouboff, 1866 CO, from heating fluorites in oxygen (amount proportional to color). Zakharchenko, A. I., Halides, halogens, H., N2, Lazarevich, N. S., and CO2, H2S, and H2O in Elinson, M. M., in Khitarov, granitic series. 1966. Zezin and Sokolova, 1967 Twenty-three analyses of solid and liquid organic compounds, Khibiny massif, U.S.S.R. Zirkel, 1870b Na and Cl in minerals from
Polykovskii and Roizenman,
Puchner and Holland, 1966.--
Sandberger, 1889 Sawkins, 1966a_ Page 20
FIGURE 1. Photomicrograph showing daughter minerals in inclusions in quartz (Q) from a vein of quartz, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, and marcasite, associated with the Land's End Granite, Penlee quarry, near Penzance, Cornwall, England. The smaller cubes, probably sylvite (s), dissolve at 145°C; the larger halite cubes (h) dissolve at 400°C; the vapor bubbles (v) disappear at 440°C. The unidentified prismatic daughter crystals (U, possibly a sulfate) have strong birefringence and parallel extinction; they show no signs of solution even at 440°C (Sawkins, 1966b, his sample 64-C-21). 2. Photomicrograph of plane of probably pseudosecondary inclusions in topaz (T), parallel to 1001}, each containing a large vapor bubble (approximately 35 percent by volume) in the liquid, and three tiny daughter crystals. (For examples, see arrows; in other inclusions they are hidden.) These crystals are unidentified, but are recognizably different phases (Roedder, 1963b, p. 173). USNM specimen 96595, Rukuba tin mine, Nigeria. 3. Photomicrograph of plane of pseudosecondary(?) multiphase fluid inclusions in transparent magnesite crystal, Brumado, Bahia, Brazil (Bodenlos, 1954; see also Rosenberg and Mills, 1966). Each contains at least seven different daughter crystals and a small bubble. (See fig. 4.) Within the limits of available observational techniques, each inclusion other than the very smallest ones visible here appears to contain the same assemblage, indicating trapping of an originally homogeneous fluid containing over 50 percent solids by weight. ER 62-4. 4. Photomicrograph of a single multiphase inclusion from same sample as figure 3, showing liquid (liq), vapor bubble (v), and 14 daughter crystals, at least seven of which are different phases. Two of the daughter crystals are isotropie, but six of the small and at least one of the large crystals are anisotropic (see arrows). Page 21
FIGURES 1-3. Photomicrographs of two stages of secondary inclusions in quartz from a quartz-molybdenite vein, Bingham porphyry copper pit, Bingham, Utah. Figure 1 shows a plate of quartz containing four curved, healed fractures, now outlined by trains of fluid inclusions (plus one more recent crack that has not been healed). The fracture labeled B contains only inclusions corresponding to low density, low salinity fluids high in CO2, a typical one of which is shown enlarged in figure 2. It is a faceted negative crystal in quartz (Q), now containing a small amount of low salinity liquid (lig), a large vapor bubble (v) containing CO2 under pressure, and a small red to opaque grain, possibly specularite (S). On warming after freezing, the last ice crystal melts at –4.9°C, leaving only crystals of CO2:534 H2O (melting at about 0°C) and the specularite. The other three fractures labeled C all contain an entirely different type of fluid inclusion, illustrated in figure 3. It was a very dense brine and formed inclusions which now contain saturated solution (lig), a large daughter crystal of halite (h), a birefringent prism, possibly anhydrite (An), a small red to opaque grain, possibly specularite (S), and a low pressure vapor bubble (v). It is possible that inclusions of fracture B might represent the dense vapor of solutions of the type trapped in fracture C, boiling under slight pressure release. ER 63–209 (Roedder, 1971). 4. Photomicrograph of alkali feldspar from granitic block in lavas of Ascension Island, South Atlantic, showing very high concentration of multiphase inclusions. These presumably primary inclusions are believed to have formed as a result of immiscible droplets of a highly saline fluid sticking to the feldspar crystal surface as it grew from a silicate melt. Each contains vapor, liquid, and a large daughter crystal of halite (see pl. 11, figs. 1-4); the larger inclusions have nucleated crystals of several other phases as well. The inclusions are so abundant (about 1010 /cm3) that single-crystal X-ray photographs of such feldspar show the three strongest powder diffraction lines of NaCl. ER 63-135b (Roedder and Coombs, 1967). 5. Photomicrograph of a cleavage fragment of fluorite showing very large numbers of almost spherical primary inclusions of dark-brown oil, each with a vapor bubble. These occur in specific crystal growth zones in the fluorite and are believed to represent the preferential trapping of droplets of oil suspended in the hot brines from which these fluorite crystals grew. Sample from unknown locality in southern Illinois, courtesy of Anthony Denson, U.S. Geological Survey. 6. Photomicrograph of fluid inclusions in olivine from ultrabasic nodule in basalt, showing basaltic(?) glass (gl), liquid CO2 (lc), and gaseous CO2(v). The two CO2 phases homogenize in the liquid phase by the slight warming caused by absorption of infrared (IR) light on removal of the IR filter on the microscope light. During the growth or later fracturing and healing of the host olivine, at an estimated depth of 8–16 km and 1,200°C, the CO2 was present as homogeneous supercritical gas bubbles in the basaltic, CO2-saturated, melt. Most olivine nodule occurrences examined, from many localities, show such inclusions, implying worldwide saturation of the basaltic magmas from which nodule minerals are presumed to have crystallized (Roedder, 1965d). ER 63–33, 1801 Kaupulehu flow, Hualalai, Hawaii. 7–9. Photomicrographs of inclusions showing evidence of immiscibility between silicate melt and hydrous, saline fluids (Roedder and Coombs, 1967). During the growth of the host quartz crystal (Q) from a saturated hydrous silicate melt of rhyolitic composition, some parts of this melt were trapped as primary inclusions. There were immiscible globules of highly saline aqueous fluid in the melt, which were also trapped in these inclusions. On cooling, the melt formed a glass (gl), and the saline fluid formed at least three phases. In figures 8 and 9 it formed an isotropic cube, presumably NaCl (h), a thin, almost invisible layer of saturated liquid water solution (lw), and vapor (v). In figure 7 (lower right) it formed a wet mass of crystals (x) lining the cavity, with one larger cube, presumably NaCl (h); several other droplets of the saline fluid were trapped without silicate melt, forming inclusions now containing a large crystal of halite (h), vapor (v), saturated liquid water solution (lw), and several unidentified crystals. ER 63-134, Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Page 22
FIGURE 1. Inclusion containing some daughter minerals that do not dissolve on reheating. The large cube is halite, the smaller rounded crystal is sylvite, and the two smallest crystals are unidentified. From its optical properties, the dark hexagon (actually bright red) is identified as a flake of hematite; when such inclusions are heated, the hematite and several of the tiny crystals do not dissolve even though the other major phases in this and similar inclusions become a fluid at temperatures above 400°C. Sample ER 63-211A, quartz, Bingham porphyry copper mine, Utah. 2-4. A multiphase inclusion in quartz similar to that in figure 1, from the same sample, showing recrystallization of daughter minerals. Figure 2 was photographed at room temperature after heating to 155°C (Roedder and Skinner, 1968); it shows halite (h), sylvite (sy), vapor (v), liquid (liq), hematite? (s), and possibly anhydrite (a). The inclusion was then heated to 410°C for 96 hours, was cooled and held at room temperature for several days (fig. 3), and then was examined after a period of 8 months (fig. 4). Note that the halite recrystallized to a euhedral crystal, and the nuclea tion and growth of sylvite at the bottom moved the other crystals about. 5–8. Examples of the homogenization of daughter minerals in silicate melt inclusions, in olivine from Apollo 11 lunar rocks, in a manner analogous to that used in aqueous inclusions. Figures 5 and 7 show the inclusions as returned from the moon, containing epitaxially oriented daughter crystals of plagioclase (pl) and ilmenite (i) (both parallel to {100} of the enclosing olivine) and feathery (quench?) crystals of pyroxene (py). Figures 6 and 8 show these same inclusions, after heating (in vacuo) to 1,110°C for 2 days and 1,200°C for 4 hours, respectively, and subsequent quenching. Note that at 1,110°C all of the plagioclase, most of the pyroxene, and part of the ilmenite is gone, and at 1,209°C only a trace of ilmenite is left, and the bubble is gone. This ilmenite melted at 1,210°C. Note that there has been solution of the walls of the inclusion as well. Both from lunar rock 10020-41. 9, 10. Photomicrographs of one inclusion of a large group of probably pseudosecondary inclusions in pegmatitic quartz, all showing a uniform ratio (at 24°C) of liquid water solution (lw) (about 0.7 molar NaCl equivalent, estimated from the freezing temperature of — 2.50°C), liquid CO2 (lc), and gaseous CO2 (v). Homogenization of the two CO2 phases occurs in the liquid phase at 27.65°C; at much higher temperatures, probably above 350°C, only one homogeneous "gas” phase is present, containing all the CO2, H2O, and salts. ER 61–28, Volta Bala, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil, courtesy of W. D. Johnston, Jr., U.S. Geological Survey, his number 52. 11. Photomicrograph of inclusion containing liquid H.S, from a coarse-grained fetid marble. Although the density of filling varies between individual groups, a number of inclusions in this calcite (c) show the same three fluid phases, identified as strong and in part saturated aqueous brine (lw), liquid H.S (1h), and gaseous H2S (v). This particular inclusion shows homogenization of the H2S liquid and gas, in the gas phase (that is, by evaporation), at 64°C. ER 63–232, U.S. mine, Lark, Utah, adjacent to Bingham porphyry copper pit (Roedder, 1971). 12. Serial photomicrographs of a multiphase inclusion in topaz from Volynia, U.S.S.R., taken at the temperatures indicated. At 40°C there is a vapor bubble (v, 19.6 percent by volume), and daughter crystals of halite (h, 14.9 percent), sylvite (s, 5 percent), an unknown colorless phase (x, 3 percent), several small hexagonal crystals of another unknown phase (y), a prismatic bluish crystal (p, about 1 percent), and an opaque mineral (o, about 1 percent). On heating, the sylvite dissolved very rapidly, and at 150° and 180°C all of the sylvite and the bulk of the other phases have dissolved; at 275°C all phases except halite (3.4 percent) and vapor (2.5 percent) are gone. The vapor bubble disappears at 300°C and the last of the halite dissolves at 310°C. The volume percentages were obtained from an adjoining long tubular inclusion containing the same assemblage. From Ermakov (1950a, pls. 21-24). Page 23
FIGURE 1. Photomicrograph of large primary inclusion in yellow fluorite (F) showing dark vapor bubble (v), strong brine solution (lw), and two globules of oil (lo) with an index of refraction almost identical with that of the enclosing fluorite. The oil wets the fluorite host in three zones (arrows) thus isolating two small segments of brine. The oil droplet at the left was not present before freezing in the laboratory; presumably it was dislodged from the main mass by rapid volume changes during the almost instantaneous freezing of the strongly supercooled brine. ER 64-13al, Koh-i Maran Range, Kalat Division, Pakistan. Sample provided by Omar B. Raup, U.S. Geological Survey. 2. Photomicrographs of primary oil inclusions in fluorite (F). These originally homogeneous droplets of oil were suspended in the saline brines from which the fluorite grew and adhered to the surface of the crystal. After trapping, the oil underwent degradation to form a small amount of a dark phase that accumulated on crystallographically controlled parts of the fluorite walls. Shrinkage of the oil after trapping formed the central vapor bubbles (v), now containing methane(?) under high pressure. The inset is a cross section of a fluorite cube (F), which grew in the direction of the arrow. The two oil droplets first stuck to the growing fluorite crystal along the flat surfaces on the bottom of each inclusion, now coated with dark material. The larger photomicrograph is a plan view taken perpendicular to the cube face of two oil inclusions similar to those in the inset. ER 59-57e, West Green mine, southern Illinois fluorite zinc district. Sample courtesy of Dr. James Bradbury, Illinois Geoolgical Survey. 3. Photomicrograph of large primary inclusions of colorless brine (lw) and yellow oil (lo) in color-zoned purple fluorite. These are believed to have retained essentially the shape that they had at the moment of trapping. The brine inclusion (top) represents the covering of a group of negative crystal reentrants on the surface of the growing cube, as are commonly seen on the present surface of such crystals. It is considered primary from its position in the crystal, and not from its shape, as recrystallization can also form such negative crystal faces, although usually only on much smaller inclusions. (See frontispiece, upper left.) The oil was present as a rounded droplet suspended in these brines, which adhered to the growing fluorite surface, and was enclosed by growth of the fluorite without change in shape. Note that there is a larger volume percentage of vapor bubble (v) in the oil than in the brine inclusion, although the two inclusions were probably trapped at almost identical temperatures; this results from differences in compressibility and thermal expansion characteristics for the two fluids. The two different apparent radii on the bubble in the brine arise from prism effects at the sloping inclusion walls. Note also that this bubble is actually adhering to the wall (small light-gray oval at right). This only occurs in very strong brines, where the salinity causes gross changes in surface wetting characteristics. Taken in deep purple transmitted light, with added lateral light for reflection from bubbles. ER 59–3, Hill mine, Cave-in-Rock, Illinois. 4. Evidence of trapping of fluid inclusions that are not representative of the fluid from which crystal growth occurs. Synthetic sucrose crystals (x) growing in saturated water solution (liq) at room temperature by slow evaporation of water (all at same scale as upper left photomicrograph). Exsolution of air, as described by Powers (1958), formed gas bubbles which adhered to the growing crystal surface and formed tubular gas-filled inclusions, all of which in these photomicrographs) are still connected to the surface. (In the lower right photomicrograph the bubbles are in a layer of solution above the crystal, except for the inclusion at the bottom, which lost its bubble.) Some crystals show hundreds of such tubular gas inclusions, sealed off by further crystal growth, and not a single inclusion of the syrupy water solution from which the crystals actually formed. Similar phenomena probably occur in nature, whenever crystals grow from systems of two immiscible fluids such as water plus oils or gases such as CO, or steam. 5-9. Behavior of immiscible globules of liquid H S in inclusions. In this sample, each inclusion contains liquid water solution (lw), a small vapor bubble (v), and a small immiscible globule of a fluid that is probably liquid H2S (Is). As the phase ratios of many inclusions are rather uniform (approximately 4:1 by volume, vapor:liquid H2S), it is assumed that a single, homogeneous fluid was trapped originally and has separated on cooling into three phases. A few such inclusions show separate, spherical (or circular, flattened) globules of vapor and liquid H.S as in figure 5. This accidental configuration does not have the lowest surface energy. Apparently the system has the lowest surface energy when the H2S liquid occupies the interface between liquid water and vapor as in figure 7 (Torza and Mason, 1969). In more three-dimensional inclusions, the H.S globule sticking to the interface may appear, due to foreshortening, to be inside the vapor bubble as in figure 6. In figures 5 and 8, the plane of focus has been adjusted to show that the globule of H2S liquid has a considerably higher index of refraction than the vapor bubble. Figure 9 shows a somewhat unusual ring-shaped inclusion containing the same assemblage. ER 67-7, yellow quartz, from XiqueXique, Bahia, Brazil (Johnston and Butler, 1946, p. 615), courtesy of Prof. Earl Ingerson, University of Texas. Page 24
FIGURES 1, 2. Photomicrograph of a large multiphase inclusion in plain light (fig. 1) and with almost crossed polarizers, set to place the enclosing topaz (T) almost at extinction (fig. 2). This and other inclusions in the sample contain at least 16 daughter minerals, presumably all different phases, plus liquid (liq) and vapor (v). Ten daughter crystals are seen to be birefringent (fig. 2); presumably some of those that appear isotropic are not but merely have their extinction positions parallel with those of the enclosing topaz. There may be as many as five opaque phases. All photomicrographs on this plate are from a single cleavage flake approximately 2 cm in diameter, loaned by Dr. Bernard Poty, Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques, 54-Vandoeuvre, France. All the inclusions are strongly flattened parallel to the (001) cleavage and may be primary or pseudosecondary in origin. Lemmlein, Kliya, and Ostrovskii (1962) reported on the homogenization of similar inclusions in topaz from Volynia (see pl. 8, figs. 2-6) and record the presence of large daughter crystals of quartz and muscovite, lesser cryolite, and still smaller amounts of various fluorides and chlorides of Na, K, and Ca. Lyakhov (1966) gives X-ray powder diffraction data on six of the 14 different solid phases he extracted from inclusions in morion from these same pegmatites, including hydrous ferrous chloride, FeCl2•2H20. Some stages in the solution of the daughter minerals are shown on plate 7, figure 12. 3, 4. Photomicrographs of two planes of inclusions, only a few millimeters apart, that have trapped two entirely different densities of fluids. In each plane, all inclusions apparently have a uniform ratio of phases, and all appear to have the same phases, but the ratio of gas bubble to other constituents differs grossly between the two planes. The small but plainly visible differences in gas bubble ratio between adjacent inclusions (particularly fig. 4) may be only apparent and come from irregularities in the third dimension, or they may be real and stem from bubble nucleation before necking down occurred. The differences between figures 3 and 4 may be a result of differences in the confining pressure at the time of trapping. 5–7. Detailed photomicrographs of one inclusion from figure 3, taken with the plane of focus at three different levels. In figure 6, the plane of focus cuts through most of the phases in this very flat inclusion. In figure 5 the plane of focus is raised, and in figure 7 it is lowered relative to figure 6. Note that the movement of the Becke lines in figure 5 shows that many of the daughter minerals are higher in index then the enclosing liquid (liq), and some are very much higher (x). In figure 7, however, note that the two larger crystals at the top (y and z) have an index of refraction very appreciably less than that of the enclosing liquid (lig) which, in turn, has an index of refraction less than the enclosing topaz (T). These specific daughter minerals have not been positively identified, but various low index fluoride minerals such as cryolite (n = 1.34) and avogadrite ((K,Cs)BF4, n=1.32) have been reported in the extensive Russian work on such daughter minerals. Page 25
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary
Thomas B. Nolan, Director
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. Page 26
By Donald E. WHITE and G. A. WARING
Most analyses are stated in volume percent, but a few About 250 chemical analyses of representative volcanic gases are in weight percent; where neither is clearly stated, are tabulated, with emphasis given to analyses with measured volume percent is assumed. temperatures and minor-element data. The most sustained The analysts' methods of stating or computing data attention has been given to volcanic gases by Russian and, more for contents of water and air have differed greatly with recently, Japanese geochemists. time and place. Steam, when determined, is sometimes Compositions of gases are clearly related in part to temperature at the point of collection. In spite of long-standing interest in included in the summation of 100 percent; where the changes in composition of exhalations with time and excluded from the principal summation, it has been distance—as distinct from temperature and other factors—little stated in either weight or volume percent of total gases, critical information has been obtained. or in milligrams per liter of other gases. Air has likeThe study of compositions of fumarolic sublimates and incrus wise been stated in a variety of forms; N, and O, have tations is largely qualitative, or consists largely of identification of minerals. Problems in determining which components were been included in the principal summation, 02 and precipitated from vapor and which were derived by acid attack equivalent N2 for air have been excluded from the on surrounding rocks have seldom been resolved with confidence. principal summation, or all N, and 0, have been Little interest has been shown in the compositions of gases in excluded on the assumption that essentially all N, was rocks since E. S. Shepherd's classic work. Selected analyses by Shepherd are reconsidered. Much can be learned from gases in from air but some 02 was consumed in oxidizing rocks, as a valuable supplement to studies of natural fumaroles reactions. Gas analyses have been published in at and theoretical approaches. least a dozen different forms, no one of which is directly comparable to the others. Much thought has been INTRODUCTION given to the problem of deciding the most useful form Relatively little attention has been given to the for reporting this compilation; all the determined gases volatile components of volcanic rocks as compared to other than H,O, O2, N2, and Ar are for convenience the solid phases; doubtless this is due more to difficulties included in a group called the "active” gases, and are involved with collecting and analyzing reliable samples here recomputed to 100 percent (Naboko, 1959a). We than to lack of interest. Careful systematic work has believe that this method permits the most useful comin general been attempted for only short periods of time, parisons; 02, N2, Ar, and H,0 where given in original as at Hawaii (Shepherd, 1921), the Katmai region published analyses are also included in separate (Allen and Zies, 1923), Showa-shinzan (Nemoto, columns. The reader should note that air, 02, and Hayakawa, Takahashi, and Oana, 1957), and Vulcano | H20 not included in the author's principal summation (Sicardi, 1956). In contrast, Kliuchevskii and Sheve- of 100 percent are shown in parentheses. luch in Kamchatka have been studied systematically This system of presenting the data has required a for more than 20 years. (See reviews by Basharina, minimum of recomputation, and has the major ad1958a, and Naboko, 1959b.) vantage that the "active" components, which are comMuch effort was made in this compilation to find all monly of greatest interest, can be directly compared. analyses of volcanic gases that have been published; a The major problems of atmospheric and (or) volcanic few may have been overlooked. Particularly close origin of H,O, N2, and even 02 are also thereby isolated attention was given to literature published since Allen's to a considerable extent. review of volcanic-gas analyses in 1922 (Allen, 1922). In many gas analyses, the published record indicates Special interest was given to analyses that were accom- that effort was made to determine only one, two, or panied by temperature measurements and that three of the "active” gases. A relatively thorough included minor components. search for many gases has been made in some of the The great variety of forms that have been used in samples from the Hawaiian, Alaskan, and, in recent reporting gas analyses has presented special problems. years, the Kamchatkan volcanoes. An outstanding K1 |
