Một số lớp bộ sưu tập có thể thay đổi. Các phương thức cộng, trừ hoặc sắp xếp lại các thành viên của chúng tại chỗ và không trả về một mục cụ thể, không bao giờ trả về chính thể hiện của bộ sưu tập nhưng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631
Một số hoạt động được hỗ trợ bởi một số loại đối tượng; . Hàm thứ hai được sử dụng ngầm khi một đối tượng được viết bởi hàm
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 634
Kiểm tra giá trị thực¶
Bất kỳ đối tượng nào cũng có thể được kiểm tra giá trị thực, để sử dụng trong điều kiện
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 635 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 636 hoặc dưới dạng toán hạng của phép toán Boolean bên dưới
Theo mặc định, một đối tượng được coi là đúng trừ khi lớp của nó định nghĩa phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 637 trả về
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 hoặc phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 639 trả về 0 khi được gọi với đối tượng. 1 Dưới đây là hầu hết các đối tượng tích hợp được coi là sai
hằng số được xác định là sai.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
31 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
38số không của bất kỳ loại số nào.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
43,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
44,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
45,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
46trình tự và bộ sưu tập trống.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
47,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
48,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
49,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
50,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
51,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
52
Các phép toán và hàm dựng sẵn có kết quả Boolean luôn trả về
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 642 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 nếu sai và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 655 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 nếu đúng, trừ khi có quy định khác. [Ngoại lệ quan trọng. các phép toán Boolean
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 657 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 658 luôn trả về một trong các toán hạng của chúng. ]
Phép toán Boolean — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
58, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
57, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
61¶
Đây là các phép toán Boolean, được sắp xếp theo mức độ ưu tiên tăng dần
Hoạt động
Kết quả
ghi chú
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 662
nếu x sai, thì y, ngược lại x
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 663
nếu x sai, thì x, ngược lại y
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 664
nếu x sai, thì
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656, ngược lại thì
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638
[3]
ghi chú
Đây là toán tử ngắn mạch, vì vậy nó chỉ đánh giá đối số thứ hai nếu đối số thứ nhất sai
Đây là toán tử ngắn mạch, vì vậy nó chỉ đánh giá đối số thứ hai nếu đối số thứ nhất đúng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
61 có mức ưu tiên thấp hơn so với các toán tử không phải Boolean, do đó,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
68 được hiểu làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
69 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
70 là một lỗi cú pháp
So sánh¶
Có tám thao tác so sánh trong Python. Tất cả chúng đều có cùng mức độ ưu tiên [cao hơn so với các phép toán Boolean]. So sánh có thể được xâu chuỗi tùy ý;
Bảng này tóm tắt các hoạt động so sánh
Hoạt động
Nghĩa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 674
hoàn toàn ít hơn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 675
nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 676
tuyệt đối lớn hơn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 677
lớn hơn hoặc bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 678
công bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 679
không công bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 680
nhận dạng đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 681
danh tính đối tượng phủ nhận
Các đối tượng thuộc các loại khác nhau, ngoại trừ các loại số khác nhau, không bao giờ so sánh bằng nhau. Toán tử
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 678 luôn được xác định nhưng đối với một số loại đối tượng [ví dụ: đối tượng lớp] tương đương với
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 680. Các toán tử
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 674,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 675,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 676 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 677 chỉ được xác định khi chúng có ý nghĩa;
Các thể hiện không giống nhau của một lớp thường được so sánh là không bằng nhau trừ khi lớp đó định nghĩa phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 689
Các thể hiện của một lớp không thể được sắp thứ tự đối với các thể hiện khác của cùng một lớp hoặc các loại đối tượng khác, trừ khi lớp đó định nghĩa đủ các phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 690,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 691,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 692 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 693 [nói chung,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 690 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 689 là đủ, nếu
Không thể tùy chỉnh hành vi của các toán tử
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 680 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 681;
Hai thao tác khác có cùng mức độ ưu tiên cú pháp,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 698 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 699, được hỗ trợ bởi các loại có thể lặp lại hoặc triển khai phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6900.
Các loại số — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
901, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
902, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
903¶
Có ba loại số riêng biệt. số nguyên, số dấu phẩy động và số phức. Ngoài ra, Booleans là một kiểu con của số nguyên. Số nguyên có độ chính xác không giới hạn. Số dấu phẩy động thường được triển khai bằng cách sử dụng double trong C; . Số phức có phần thực và phần ảo, mỗi phần là một số dấu phẩy động. Để trích xuất các phần này từ một số phức z, hãy sử dụng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6905 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6906. [Thư viện chuẩn bao gồm các loại số bổ sung
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6907, dành cho số hữu tỉ và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6908, dành cho số dấu phẩy động với độ chính xác do người dùng xác định. ]
Các số được tạo bởi các chữ số hoặc là kết quả của các hàm và toán tử tích hợp. Các số nguyên không trang trí [bao gồm cả số hex, bát phân và nhị phân] mang lại số nguyên. Chữ số có chứa dấu thập phân hoặc dấu mũ mang lại số dấu phẩy động. Việc thêm
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6909 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6910 vào một chữ số sẽ tạo ra một số ảo [một số phức có phần thực bằng 0] mà bạn có thể thêm vào một số nguyên hoặc dấu phẩy động để có được một số phức có phần thực và phần ảo
Python hỗ trợ đầy đủ số học hỗn hợp. khi một toán tử số học nhị phân có các toán hạng thuộc các kiểu số khác nhau, thì toán hạng có loại "hẹp hơn" được mở rộng sang toán hạng kia, trong đó số nguyên hẹp hơn dấu phẩy động, hẹp hơn phức hợp. So sánh giữa các số thuộc các loại khác nhau hoạt động như thể các giá trị chính xác của các số đó đang được so sánh. 2
Các hàm tạo
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6911,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6912 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6913 có thể được sử dụng để tạo các số thuộc một loại cụ thể
Tất cả các loại số [ngoại trừ phức tạp] đều hỗ trợ các phép toán sau [để biết mức độ ưu tiên của các phép toán, hãy xem Mức độ ưu tiên của toán tử ].
Hoạt động
Kết quả
ghi chú
tài liệu đầy đủ
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6914
tổng của x và y
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6915
sự khác biệt của x và y
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6916
sản phẩm của x và y
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6917
thương của x và y
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6918
thương số sàn của x và y
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6919
remainder of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6917
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6921
x phủ nhận
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6922
x không thay đổi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6923
giá trị tuyệt đối hoặc độ lớn của x
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6924
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6925
x chuyển thành số nguyên
[3][6]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6911
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6927
x được chuyển đổi thành dấu phẩy động
[4][6]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6912
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6929
số phức có phần thực là phần ảo. tôi mặc định là không
[6]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6913
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6931
liên hợp của số phức c
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6932
cặp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6933
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6934
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6935
x lũy thừa y
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6936
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6937
x lũy thừa y
[5]
ghi chú
Còn gọi là phép chia số nguyên. Giá trị kết quả là một số nguyên, mặc dù loại kết quả không nhất thiết phải là int. Kết quả luôn được làm tròn về phía âm vô cực.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
938 làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
940 làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
941,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
942 làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
941 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
944 làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42Không dành cho số phức. Thay vào đó hãy chuyển đổi thành float bằng cách sử dụng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
924 nếu thích hợpChuyển đổi từ dấu phẩy động sang số nguyên có thể làm tròn hoặc cắt ngắn như trong C;
float cũng chấp nhận các chuỗi “nan” và “inf” với tiền tố tùy chọn “+” hoặc “-” cho Không phải là Số [NaN] và vô cực dương hoặc âm
Python định nghĩa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
949 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
950 làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
55, như thường thấy đối với các ngôn ngữ lập trìnhCác chữ số được chấp nhận bao gồm các chữ số
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42 đếndef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
953 hoặc bất kỳ mã Unicode tương đương nào [điểm mã với thuộc tínhdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
954]Xem https. //www. unicode. tổ chức/Công khai/14. 0. 0/ucd/đã trích xuất/DerivedNumericType. txt để biết danh sách đầy đủ các điểm mã với thuộc tính
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
954
Tất cả các loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6956 [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902] cũng bao gồm các hoạt động sau
Hoạt động
Kết quả
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6959
x bị cắt ngắn thành
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6960
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6961
x làm tròn đến n chữ số, làm tròn một nửa thành chẵn. Nếu n bị bỏ qua, nó mặc định là 0
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6962
lớn nhất
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6960 '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6 964
ít nhất
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6960 >= x
Để biết các phép toán số bổ sung, hãy xem các mô-đun
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6966 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6967
Phép toán Bitwise trên các kiểu số nguyên¶
Hoạt động bitwise chỉ có ý nghĩa đối với số nguyên. Kết quả của các hoạt động theo bit được tính toán như thể được thực hiện trong phần bù hai với số lượng bit dấu vô hạn
Tất cả các ưu tiên của các phép toán bitwise nhị phân đều thấp hơn các phép toán số và cao hơn các phép so sánh;
Bảng này liệt kê các hoạt động bitwise được sắp xếp theo mức độ ưu tiên tăng dần
Hoạt động
Kết quả
ghi chú
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6971
bitwise hoặc của x và y
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6972
bitwise exclusive or of x and y
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6973
bitwise and of x and y
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6974
x dịch sang trái n bit
[1][2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6975
x shifted right by n bits
[1][3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6976
the bits of x inverted
ghi chú
Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
977 to be raisedA left shift by n bits is equivalent to multiplication by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
978A right shift by n bits is equivalent to floor division by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
978Performing these calculations with at least one extra sign extension bit in a finite two’s complement representation [a working bit-width of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
980 or more] is sufficient to get the same result as if there were an infinite number of sign bits
Additional Methods on Integer Types¶
The int type implements the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6981 abstract base class . In addition, it provides a few more methods. int. bit_length[] ¶
Return the number of bits necessary to represent an integer in binary, excluding the sign and leading zeros
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 651
More precisely, if
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6982 is nonzero, then
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6983 is the unique positive integer
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6984 such that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6985. Equivalently, when
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6923 is small enough to have a correctly rounded logarithm, then
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6987. If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6982 is zero, then
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6983 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 642
Equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
New in version 3. 1
int. bit_count[] ¶Return the number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of the integer. This is also known as the population count. Example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69
Equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 663
New in version 3. 10
int. to_bytes[length=1 , byteorder='big' , * , signed=False] ¶Return an array of bytes representing an integer
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 664
The integer is represented using length bytes, and defaults to 1. An
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6991 is raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of bytes
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6992. If byteorder is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6992, the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6994, the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array
Đối số đã ký xác định xem phần bù của hai có được sử dụng để biểu diễn số nguyên hay không. Nếu được ký là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 và một số nguyên âm được đưa ra, một số
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6991 sẽ xuất hiện. Giá trị mặc định cho đã ký là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638
Các giá trị mặc định có thể được sử dụng để biến một số nguyên thành một đối tượng byte đơn một cách thuận tiện. Tuy nhiên, khi sử dụng các đối số mặc định, đừng cố chuyển đổi một giá trị lớn hơn 255, nếu không bạn sẽ nhận được một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6991
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 673
Equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 674
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 2
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 11. Đã thêm giá trị đối số mặc định cho
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6999 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66300. classmethod int. từ_byte[byte , thứ tự byte='big', *, signed=False]¶
Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 677
The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes.
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6992. If byteorder is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6992, the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. Nếu byteorder là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6994, thì byte quan trọng nhất nằm ở cuối mảng byte. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66304 as the byte order value
The signed argument indicates whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer
Equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 682
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 2
Changed in version 3. 11. Đã thêm giá trị đối số mặc định cho
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66300. int. as_integer_ratio[] ¶
Trả về một cặp số nguyên có tỷ lệ chính xác bằng số nguyên ban đầu và có mẫu số dương. The integer ratio of integers [whole numbers] is always the integer as the numerator and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 655 as the denominator
New in version 3. 8
Additional Methods on Float¶
The float type implements the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6956 abstract base class . float also has the following additional methods. float. as_integer_ratio[] ¶
Return a pair of integers whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float and with a positive denominator. Raises
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6991 on infinities and a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 on NaNsfloat. is_integer[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the float instance is finite with integral value, and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 690
Two methods support conversion to and from hexadecimal strings. Since Python’s floats are stored internally as binary numbers, converting a float to or from a decimal string usually involves a small rounding error. In contrast, hexadecimal strings allow exact representation and specification of floating-point numbers. This can be useful when debugging, and in numerical work
float. hex[] ¶Return a representation of a floating-point number as a hexadecimal string. For finite floating-point numbers, this representation will always include a leading
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66312 and a trailing
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66313 and exponentclassmethod float. fromhex[s] ¶
Class method to return the float represented by a hexadecimal string s. The string s may have leading and trailing whitespace
Note that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66314 is an instance method, while
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66315 is a class method
Một chuỗi thập lục phân có dạng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 60
where the optional
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66316 may by either
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6969 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6970,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66319 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66320 are strings of hexadecimal digits, and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66321 is a decimal integer with an optional leading sign. Case is not significant, and there must be at least one hexadecimal digit in either the integer or the fraction. This syntax is similar to the syntax specified in section 6. 4. 4. 2 of the C99 standard, and also to the syntax used in Java 1. 5 onwards. In particular, the output of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66314 is usable as a hexadecimal floating-point literal in C or Java code, and hexadecimal strings produced by C’s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66323 format character or Java’s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66324 are accepted by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66315
Note that the exponent is written in decimal rather than hexadecimal, and that it gives the power of 2 by which to multiply the coefficient. For example, the hexadecimal string
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66326 represents the floating-point number
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66327, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66328
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 61
Applying the reverse conversion to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66328 gives a different hexadecimal string representing the same number
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 62
Băm các loại số¶
For numbers
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6982 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66331, possibly of different types, it’s a requirement that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66332 whenever
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66333 [see the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66334 method documentation for more details]. For ease of implementation and efficiency across a variety of numeric types [including
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6908 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6907] Python’s hash for numeric types is based on a single mathematical function that’s defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6907, and all finite instances of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6908. Essentially, this function is given by reduction modulo
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66343 for a fixed prime
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66343. The value of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66343 is made available to Python as the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66346 attribute of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66347
CPython implementation detail. Hiện tại, số nguyên tố được sử dụng là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66348 trên các máy có độ dài C 32 bit và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66349 trên các máy có độ dài C 64 bit
Here are the rules in detail
Nếu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6350 là một số hữu tỉ không âm vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6351 không chia hết chodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6343, hãy định nghĩadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6353 làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6354, trong đódef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6355 cho số nghịch đảo củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6351 theo modulodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6343If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6350 is a nonnegative rational number anddef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6351 is divisible bydef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6343 [butdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6361 is not] thendef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6351 has no inverse modulodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6343 and the rule above doesn’t apply; in this case definedef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6353 to be the constant valuedef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6365If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6350 is a negative rational number definedef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6353 asdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6368. If the resulting hash isdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
941, replace it withdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6370The particular values
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6365 anddef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6372 are used as hash values for positive infinity or negative infinity [respectively]For a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
903 numberdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6374, the hash values of the real and imaginary parts are combined by computingdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6375, reduced modulodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6376 so that it lies indef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6377. Again, if the result isdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
941, it’s replaced withdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6370
To clarify the above rules, here’s some example Python code, equivalent to the built-in hash, for computing the hash of a rational number,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6903
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 63
Iterator Types¶
Python hỗ trợ khái niệm lặp qua các vùng chứa. This is implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below in more detail, always support the iteration methods
One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide iterable support.
container. __iter__[] ¶Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the iterator protocol described below. If a container supports different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to specifically request iterators for those iteration types. [An example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first traversal. ] This method corresponds to the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66382 slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API.
The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following two methods, which together form the iterator protocol
iterator. __iter__[] ¶Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both containers and iterators to be used with the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66383 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 698 statements. This method corresponds to the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66382 slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. iterator. __next__[] ¶
Return the next item from the iterator . If there are no further items, raise the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66386 exception. This method corresponds to the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66387 slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API.
Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their implementation of the iterator protocol
Once an iterator’s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66388 method raises
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66386, it must continue to do so on subsequent calls. Việc triển khai không tuân theo thuộc tính này được coi là bị hỏng
Generator Types¶
Python’s generator s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator protocol. If a container object’s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66390 method is implemented as a generator, it will automatically return an iterator object [technically, a generator object] supplying the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66390 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66388 methods. More information about generators can be found in the documentation for the yield expression .
Sequence Types — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6393, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6394, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6395¶
Có ba loại trình tự cơ bản. danh sách, bộ dữ liệu và đối tượng phạm vi. Các loại trình tự bổ sung được điều chỉnh để xử lý dữ liệu nhị phân và chuỗi văn bản được mô tả .
Hoạt động tuần tự phổ biến¶
Các hoạt động trong bảng sau được hỗ trợ bởi hầu hết các loại trình tự, cả có thể thay đổi và không thể thay đổi.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66396 ABC được cung cấp để giúp triển khai chính xác các thao tác này trên các loại trình tự tùy chỉnh dễ dàng hơn
This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority. Trong bảng, s và t là các chuỗi cùng loại, n, i, j và k là các số nguyên và x là một đối tượng tùy ý đáp ứng mọi hạn chế về loại và giá trị do s áp đặt
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 698 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 699 operations have the same priorities as the comparison operations. The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6969 [concatenation] and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66400 [repetition] operations have the same priority as the corresponding numeric operations. 3
Hoạt động
Kết quả
ghi chú
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66401
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if an item of s is equal to x, else
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66404
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 nếu một phần tử của s bằng x, ngược lại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66407
nối của s và t
[6][7]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66408 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66409
tương đương với việc thêm s vào chính nó n lần
[2][7]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66410
mục thứ i của s, gốc 0
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66411
lát s từ i đến j
[3][4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66412
lát s từ i đến j với bước k
[3][5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413
length of s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66414
mục nhỏ nhất của s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66415
largest item of s
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66416
chỉ số của lần xuất hiện đầu tiên của x trong s [tại hoặc sau chỉ số i và trước chỉ số j]
[số 8]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66417
tổng số lần xuất hiện của x trong s
Các chuỗi cùng loại cũng hỗ trợ so sánh. Cụ thể, các bộ dữ liệu và danh sách được so sánh theo từ điển bằng cách so sánh các phần tử tương ứng. Điều này có nghĩa là để so sánh bằng nhau, mọi phần tử phải so sánh bằng nhau và hai dãy phải cùng loại và có cùng độ dài. [Để biết đầy đủ chi tiết, hãy xem So sánh trong tài liệu tham khảo ngôn ngữ. ]
Các trình vòng lặp chuyển tiếp và đảo ngược qua các chuỗi có thể thay đổi truy cập các giá trị bằng chỉ mục. Chỉ số đó sẽ tiếp tục tiến [hoặc lùi] ngay cả khi trình tự cơ bản bị đột biến. Trình vòng lặp chỉ kết thúc khi gặp phải một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66418 hoặc một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66386 [hoặc khi chỉ số giảm xuống dưới 0]
ghi chú
Mặc dù các hoạt động
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
98 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
99 chỉ được sử dụng cho thử nghiệm ngăn chặn đơn giản trong trường hợp chung, nhưng một số trình tự chuyên biệt [chẳng hạn nhưdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6422,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6423 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6424] cũng sử dụng chúng cho thử nghiệm trình tự tiếp theodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
4Các giá trị của n nhỏ hơn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42 được coi làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42 [tạo ra một chuỗi trống cùng loại với s]. Lưu ý rằng các mục trong dãy s không được sao chép; . Điều này thường ám ảnh các lập trình viên Python mới;def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
5Điều đã xảy ra là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6427 là danh sách một phần tử chứa danh sách trống, vì vậy cả ba phần tử củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6428 đều là tham chiếu đến danh sách trống duy nhất này. Sửa đổi bất kỳ thành phần nào củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6429 sẽ sửa đổi danh sách duy nhất này. Bạn có thể tạo một danh sách các danh sách khác nhau theo cách nàydef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6Có thêm giải thích trong mục Câu hỏi thường gặp Làm cách nào để tạo danh sách đa chiều? .
Nếu i hoặc j âm, chỉ số liên quan đến phần cuối của chuỗi s.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6430 hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6431 được thay thế. Nhưng lưu ý rằngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6432 vẫn làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42Lát của s từ i đến j được định nghĩa là chuỗi các mục có chỉ số k sao cho
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6434. Nếu i hoặc j lớn hơndef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6413, hãy sử dụngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6413. Nếu tôi bị bỏ qua hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
31, hãy sử dụngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
42. Nếu j bị bỏ qua hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
31, hãy sử dụngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6413. Nếu i lớn hơn hoặc bằng j, lát cắt trốngLát s từ i đến j với bước k được định nghĩa là chuỗi các mục có chỉ số
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6441 sao chodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6442. Nói cách khác, các chỉ số làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6443,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6444,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6445,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6446, v.v., dừng khi đạt đến j [nhưng không bao giờ bao gồm j]. Khi k dương, i và j bị giảm xuốngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6413 nếu chúng lớn hơn. Khi k âm, i và j bị giảm xuốngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6448 nếu chúng lớn hơn. Nếu i hoặc j bị bỏ qua hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
31, chúng trở thành giá trị "kết thúc" [kết thúc này phụ thuộc vào dấu của k]. Lưu ý, k không thể bằng 0. Nếu k làdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
31, nó được coi nhưdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
55Nối các chuỗi bất biến luôn dẫn đến một đối tượng mới. Điều này có nghĩa là việc xây dựng một chuỗi bằng cách nối lặp lại sẽ có chi phí thời gian chạy bậc hai trong tổng chiều dài chuỗi. Để có chi phí thời gian chạy tuyến tính, bạn phải chuyển sang một trong các lựa chọn thay thế bên dưới
nếu nối các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6422, bạn có thể tạo một danh sách và sử dụngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6453 ở cuối hoặc ghi vào một thể hiệndef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6454 và truy xuất giá trị của nó khi hoàn tấtnếu nối các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6423, bạn có thể sử dụng tương tựdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6456 hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6457 hoặc bạn có thể thực hiện nối tại chỗ với một đối tượngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6424. Các đối tượngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6424 có thể thay đổi và có cơ chế phân bổ tổng thể hiệu quảnếu nối các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6394, thay vào đó hãy mở rộng mộtdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6393đối với các loại khác, hãy điều tra tài liệu lớp có liên quan
Một số loại trình tự [chẳng hạn như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6395] chỉ hỗ trợ các trình tự vật phẩm tuân theo các mẫu cụ thể và do đó không hỗ trợ nối hoặc lặp lại trình tựdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6463 tăngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
977 khi không tìm thấy x trong s. Không phải tất cả các triển khai đều hỗ trợ chuyển các đối số bổ sung i và j. Các đối số này cho phép tìm kiếm hiệu quả các phần phụ của chuỗi. Việc truyền các đối số bổ sung gần tương đương với việc sử dụngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6465, chỉ là không sao chép bất kỳ dữ liệu nào và với chỉ mục được trả về có liên quan đến phần đầu của chuỗi chứ không phải phần đầu của lát cắt
Các kiểu trình tự bất biến¶
Thao tác duy nhất mà các loại trình tự bất biến thường triển khai mà các loại trình tự có thể thay đổi cũng không triển khai là hỗ trợ cho ____ tích hợp sẵn __
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66466
Hỗ trợ này cho phép các chuỗi bất biến, chẳng hạn như phiên bản
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66394, được sử dụng làm khóa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468 và được lưu trữ trong phiên bản
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470
Cố gắng băm một chuỗi bất biến chứa các giá trị không thể băm sẽ dẫn đến kết quả là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 688
Các loại trình tự có thể thay đổi¶
Các hoạt động trong bảng sau được xác định trên các loại trình tự có thể thay đổi.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66472 ABC được cung cấp để giúp triển khai chính xác các thao tác này trên các loại trình tự tùy chỉnh dễ dàng hơn
Trong bảng s là một thể hiện của loại trình tự có thể thay đổi, t là bất kỳ đối tượng có thể lặp lại nào và x là một đối tượng tùy ý đáp ứng mọi giới hạn về loại và giá trị do s áp đặt [ví dụ:
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424 chỉ chấp nhận các số nguyên đáp ứng giới hạn về giá trị
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66474]
Hoạt động
Kết quả
ghi chú
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66475
mục i của s được thay thế bằng x
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66476
lát s từ i đến j được thay thế bằng nội dung của iterable t
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66477
giống như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66478
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66479
các phần tử của
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66412 được thay thế bằng các phần tử của t
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66481
xóa các phần tử của
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66412 khỏi danh sách
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66483
nối x vào cuối dãy [giống như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66484]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66485
xóa tất cả các mục khỏi s [giống như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66486]
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66487
tạo một bản sao nông của s [giống như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66488]
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66489 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66490
mở rộng s với nội dung của t [phần lớn giống như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66491]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66492
cập nhật s với nội dung được lặp lại n lần
[6]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66493
chèn x vào s tại chỉ mục được cung cấp bởi i [giống như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66494]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66495 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66496
truy xuất mục tại i và cũng xóa mục đó khỏi s
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66497
xóa mục đầu tiên khỏi s trong đó
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66410 bằng x
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66499
đảo ngược các mục của s tại chỗ
[4]
ghi chú
t phải có cùng độ dài với lát cắt mà nó đang thay thế
Đối số tùy chọn i mặc định là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
941, do đó, theo mặc định, mục cuối cùng được xóa và trả vềdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7301 tăngdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
977 khi không tìm thấy x trong sPhương pháp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7303 sửa đổi trình tự tại chỗ để tiết kiệm không gian khi đảo ngược một trình tự lớn. Để nhắc nhở người dùng rằng nó hoạt động theo tác dụng phụ, nó không trả về trình tự đảo ngượcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7304 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7305 được bao gồm để thống nhất với giao diện của các vùng chứa có thể thay đổi không hỗ trợ thao tác cắt [chẳng hạn nhưdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6468 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6469].def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7305 không phải là một phần củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6472 ABC, nhưng hầu hết các lớp trình tự có thể thay đổi cụ thể đều cung cấp nóMới trong phiên bản 3. 3. ______17304 và phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7305.
Danh sách¶
Danh sách là các chuỗi có thể thay đổi, thường được sử dụng để lưu trữ các bộ sưu tập các mục đồng nhất [trong đó mức độ tương tự chính xác sẽ thay đổi tùy theo ứng dụng]
lớp danh sách[[có thể lặp lại]]¶Danh sách có thể được xây dựng theo nhiều cách
Sử dụng một cặp dấu ngoặc vuông để biểu thị danh sách trống.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
49Sử dụng dấu ngoặc vuông, phân tách các mục bằng dấu phẩy.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7315,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7316Sử dụng hiểu danh sách.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7317Sử dụng hàm tạo kiểu.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7318 hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7319
Hàm tạo xây dựng một danh sách có các mục giống nhau và theo cùng thứ tự với các mục của iterable. iterable có thể là một chuỗi, một vùng chứa hỗ trợ phép lặp hoặc một đối tượng lặp. Nếu iterable đã là một danh sách, một bản sao sẽ được tạo và trả về, tương tự như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67320. Ví dụ:
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67321 trả về
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67322 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67323 trả về
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67324. If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 649
Many other operations also produce lists, including the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67326 built-in
Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence operations. Danh sách cũng cung cấp phương pháp bổ sung sau.
sort[* , key=None , reverse=False] ¶Phương pháp này sắp xếp danh sách tại chỗ, chỉ sử dụng so sánh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 674 giữa các mục. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any comparison operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail [and the list will likely be left in a partially modified state]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67328 accepts two arguments that can only be passed by keyword [ keyword-only arguments ].
key specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison key from each list element [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67329]. The key corresponding to each item in the list is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting process. The default value of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value
Tiện ích
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67331 có sẵn để chuyển đổi 2. x style cmp function to a key function
reverse is a boolean value. If set to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656, then the list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed
This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when sorting a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence [use
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67326 to explicitly request a new sorted list instance]
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67328 method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes [for example, sort by department, then by salary grade]
For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see Sorting HOW TO .
CPython implementation detail. While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 if it can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort
Tuples¶
Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store collections of heterogeneous data [such as the 2-tuples produced by the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67336 built-in]. Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of homogeneous data is needed [such as allowing storage in a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468 instance]class tuple[[iterable]] ¶
Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways
Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
48Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7340 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7341Separating items with commas.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7342 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7343Using the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7344 built-in.def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7344 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7346
The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67347 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67348 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67349 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67350. If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 648
Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not the parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the empty tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity. For example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67352 is a function call with three arguments, while
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67353 is a function call with a 3-tuple as the sole argument
Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations.
For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is clearer than access by index,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67354 may be a more appropriate choice than a simple tuple object
Ranges¶
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66395 type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and is commonly used for looping a specific number of times in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66383 loopsclass range[stop] ¶ class range[start , stop[ , step]]
The arguments to the range constructor must be integers [either built-in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 or any object that implements the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67312 special method]. If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 655. If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 642. If step is zero,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 is raised
For a positive step, the contents of a range
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67362 are determined by the formula
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67363 where
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67364 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67365
For a negative step, the contents of the range are still determined by the formula
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67363, but the constraints are
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67364 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67368
A range object will be empty if
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67369 does not meet the value constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices
Phạm vi chứa giá trị tuyệt đối lớn hơn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67370 được cho phép nhưng một số tính năng [chẳng hạn như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67371] có thể tăng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6991
Ví dụ phạm vi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67
Các phạm vi thực hiện tất cả các thao tác trình tự phổ biến ngoại trừ nối và lặp lại [do thực tế là các đối tượng phạm vi chỉ có thể biểu diễn các trình tự tuân theo một .
bắt đầu ¶The value of the start parameter [or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 642 if the parameter was not supplied]stop ¶
The value of the stop parameter
step ¶The value of the step parameter [or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 655 if the parameter was not supplied]
Ưu điểm của loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66395 so với loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66393 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66394 thông thường là đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66395 sẽ luôn chiếm cùng một lượng bộ nhớ [nhỏ], bất kể kích thước của phạm vi mà nó đại diện [vì nó chỉ lưu trữ các giá trị
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67379,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67380 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67381
Range objects implement the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66396 ABC, and provide features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and support for negative indices [see Sequence Types — list, tuple, range ].
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68
Testing range objects for equality with
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 678 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 679 compares them as sequences. That is, two range objects are considered equal if they represent the same sequence of values. [Lưu ý rằng hai đối tượng phạm vi so sánh bằng nhau có thể có các thuộc tính
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67379,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67380 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67381 khác nhau, ví dụ:
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67388 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67389. ]
Changed in version 3. 2. Implement the Sequence ABC. Support slicing and negative indices. Kiểm tra các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 để trở thành thành viên trong thời gian không đổi thay vì lặp qua tất cả các mục.
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 3. Xác định ‘==’ và ‘. =’ để so sánh các đối tượng phạm vi dựa trên chuỗi giá trị mà chúng xác định [thay vì so sánh dựa trên danh tính đối tượng].
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 3. Các thuộc tính
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67379,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67380 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67381.
Xem thêm
Công thức linspace cho thấy cách triển khai phiên bản phạm vi lười biếng phù hợp với các ứng dụng dấu phẩy động
Loại chuỗi văn bản — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6422¶
Dữ liệu văn bản trong Python được xử lý bằng các đối tượng hoặc chuỗi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422. Chuỗi là bất biến chuỗi của các điểm mã Unicode. Chuỗi ký tự được viết theo nhiều cách khác nhau.
Dấu nháy đơn.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7396Dấu ngoặc kép.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7397Ba trích dẫn.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7398,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7399
Các chuỗi được trích dẫn ba lần có thể kéo dài trên nhiều dòng - tất cả khoảng trắng được liên kết sẽ được bao gồm trong chuỗi ký tự
String literals that are part of a single expression and have only whitespace between them will be implicitly converted to a single string literal. Đó là,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67400
Xem Chuỗi ký tự và byte để biết thêm về các dạng khác nhau của chuỗi ký tự, bao gồm các chuỗi thoát được hỗ trợ và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67362 [“raw” .
Các chuỗi cũng có thể được tạo từ các đối tượng khác bằng cách sử dụng hàm tạo
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422
Vì không có loại "ký tự" riêng biệt, nên việc lập chỉ mục một chuỗi sẽ tạo ra các chuỗi có độ dài 1. Nghĩa là, đối với một chuỗi không trống s,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67403
Cũng không có loại chuỗi có thể thay đổi, nhưng có thể sử dụng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66453 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66454 để xây dựng chuỗi từ nhiều đoạn một cách hiệu quả
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 3. Để tương thích ngược với chuỗi Python 2, tiền tố
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67406 một lần nữa được cho phép trên chuỗi ký tự. Nó không ảnh hưởng đến ý nghĩa của chuỗi ký tự và không thể kết hợp với tiền tố
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67362. lớp str[đối tượng='']¶class str[object=b'', encoding='utf-8', errors='strict']
Trả về phiên bản chuỗi của đối tượng. Nếu đối tượng không được cung cấp, trả về chuỗi rỗng. Mặt khác, hành vi của
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 633 phụ thuộc vào việc mã hóa hoặc lỗi được cung cấp hay không, như sau.
If neither encoding nor errors is given,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67409 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67410, which is the “informal” or nicely printable string representation of object. For string objects, this is the string itself. If object does not have a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67411 method, then
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 633 falls back to returning
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67413
Nếu có ít nhất một mã hóa hoặc lỗi, đối tượng phải là đối tượng giống byte [e. g.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424]. In this case, if object is a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 [or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424] object, then
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67418 is equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67419. Mặt khác, đối tượng byte bên dưới đối tượng bộ đệm được lấy trước khi gọi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67420. See Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview and Buffer Protocol for information on buffer objects.
Passing a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 object to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 633 without the encoding or errors arguments falls under the first case of returning the informal string representation [see also the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67423 command-line option to Python]. For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69
Để biết thêm thông tin về lớp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 và các phương thức của nó, hãy xem Loại chuỗi văn bản — str và String Methods section below. To output formatted strings, see the Formatted string literals and Format String Syntax sections. Ngoài ra, hãy xem phần Dịch vụ xử lý văn bản .
String Methods¶
Strings implement all of the common sequence operations, along with the additional methods described below.
Strings also support two styles of string formatting, one providing a large degree of flexibility and customization [see
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67425, Format String Syntax and Custom String Formatting ] and the other based on C
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67426 style formatting that handles a narrower range of types and is slightly harder to use correctly, but is often faster for the cases it can handle [ printf-style String Formatting ].
The Text Processing Services section of the standard library covers a number of other modules that provide various text related utilities [including regular expression support in the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67427 module]. str. capitalize[] ¶
Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized and the rest lowercased
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 8. The first character is now put into titlecase rather than uppercase. This means that characters like digraphs will only have their first letter capitalized, instead of the full character.
str. casefold[] ¶Trả về một bản sao của chuỗi. Casefolded strings may be used for caseless matching
Casefolding is similar to lowercasing but more aggressive because it is intended to remove all case distinctions in a string. For example, the German lowercase letter
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67428 is equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67429. Vì nó đã là chữ thường, nên
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67430 sẽ không làm gì đối với
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67428;
Thuật toán casefolding được mô tả trong phần 3. 13 of the Unicode Standard
New in version 3. 3
str. center[width[ , fillchar]] ¶Trả về căn giữa trong một chuỗi có chiều dài chiều rộng. Padding is done using the specified fillchar [default is an ASCII space]. The original string is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413str. count[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation
If sub is empty, returns the number of empty strings between characters which is the length of the string plus one
str. encode[encoding='utf-8' , errors='strict'] ¶Return the string encoded to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423
mã hóa mặc định thành def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7436; . Standard Encodings for possible values.
errors controls how encoding errors are handled. If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67437 [the default], a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67438 exception is raised. Other possible values are
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67439,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67440,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67441,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67442 and any other name registered via
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67443. See Error Handlers for details.
For performance reasons, the value of errors is not checked for validity unless an encoding error actually occurs, Python Development Mode is enabled or a debug build is used.
Changed in version 3. 1. Added support for keyword arguments.
Changed in version 3. 9. The value of the errors argument is now checked in Python Development Mode and in debug mode .
str. endswith[suffix[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the string ends with the specified suffix, otherwise return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638. suffix can also be a tuple of suffixes to look for. With optional start, test beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing at that positionstr. expandtabs[tabsize=8] ¶
Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. Tab positions occur every tabsize characters [default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on]. To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the string is examined character by character. If the character is a tab [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67446], one or more space characters are inserted in the result until the current column is equal to the next tab position. [Bản thân ký tự tab không được sao chép. ] If the character is a newline [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67447] or return [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67448], it is copied and the current column is reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged and the current column is incremented by one regardless of how the character is represented when printed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 690str. find[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶
Return the lowest index in the string where substring sub is found within the slice
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67449. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6941 if sub is not found
Note
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67451 method should be used only if you need to know the position of sub. To check if sub is a substring or not, use the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 698 operator
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 691str. format[*args , **kwargs] ¶
Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields delimited by braces
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 650. Each replacement field contains either the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each replacement field is replaced with the string value of the corresponding argument
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 692
See Format String Syntax for a description of the various formatting options that can be specified in format strings.
Note
When formatting a number [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6903,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6908 and subclasses] with the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66351 type [ex.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67459], the function temporarily sets the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67460 locale to the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67461 locale to decode
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67462 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67463 fields of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67464 if they are non-ASCII or longer than 1 byte, and the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67461 locale is different than the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67460 locale. This temporary change affects other threads
Changed in version 3. 7. When formatting a number with the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66351 type, the function sets temporarily the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67460 locale to the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67461 locale in some cases. str. format_map[mapping] ¶
Similar to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67470, except that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67471 is used directly and not copied to a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468. This is useful if for example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67471 is a dict subclass
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 693
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 2
str. index[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67451, but raise
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 when the substring is not foundstr. isalnum[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there is at least one character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. A character
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67478 is alphanumeric if one of the following returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67480,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67481,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67482, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67483str. isalpha[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there is at least one character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Alphabetic characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character database as “Letter”, i. e. , those with general category property being one of “Lm”, “Lt”, “Lu”, “Ll”, or “Lo”. Note that this is different from the “Alphabetic” property defined in the Unicode Standardstr. isascii[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the string is empty or all characters in the string are ASCII,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F
New in version 3. 7
str. isdecimal[] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all characters in the string are decimal characters and there is at least one character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Decimal characters are those that can be used to form numbers in base 10, e. g. U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO. Formally a decimal character is a character in the Unicode General Category “Nd”str. isdigit[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all characters in the string are digits and there is at least one character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Digits include decimal characters and digits that need special handling, such as the compatibility superscript digits. This covers digits which cannot be used to form numbers in base 10, like the Kharosthi numbers. Formally, a digit is a character that has the property value Numeric_Type=Digit or Numeric_Type=Decimalstr. isidentifier[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the string is a valid identifier according to the language definition, section Identifiers and keywords .
Call
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67493 to test whether string
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67494 is a reserved identifier, such as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67495 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67496
Example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 694str. islower[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all cased characters 4 in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwisestr. isnumeric[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all characters in the string are numeric characters, and there is at least one character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Numeric characters include digit characters, and all characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e. g. U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH. Formally, numeric characters are those with the property value Numeric_Type=Digit, Numeric_Type=Decimal or Numeric_Type=Numericstr. isprintable[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all characters in the string are printable or the string is empty,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Nonprintable characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character database as “Other” or “Separator”, excepting the ASCII space [0x20] which is considered printable. [Note that printable characters in this context are those which should not be escaped when
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 632 is invoked on a string. It has no bearing on the handling of strings written to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67704 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67705. ]str. isspace[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if there are only whitespace characters in the string and there is at least one character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise
A character is whitespace if in the Unicode character database [see
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67708], either its general category is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67709 [“Separator, space”], or its bidirectional class is one of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67710,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67711, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67712str. istitle[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the string is a titlecased string and there is at least one character, for example uppercase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwisestr. isupper[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all cased characters 4 in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 695str. join[iterable] ¶
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in iterable. A
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 688 will be raised if there are any non-string values in iterable, including
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 objects. The separator between elements is the string providing this methodstr. ljust[width[ , fillchar]] ¶
Return the string left justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillchar [default is an ASCII space]. The original string is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413str. lower[] ¶
Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters 4 converted to lowercase
The lowercasing algorithm used is described in section 3. 13 of the Unicode Standard
str. lstrip[[chars]] ¶Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The chars argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed. If omitted or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, the chars argument defaults to removing whitespace. The chars argument is not a prefix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 696
See
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67721 for a method that will remove a single prefix string rather than all of a set of characters. For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 697static str. maketrans[x[ , y[ , z]]] ¶
This static method returns a translation table usable for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67722
If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode ordinals [integers] or characters [strings of length 1] to Unicode ordinals, strings [of arbitrary lengths] or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631. Character keys will then be converted to ordinals
If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 in the resultstr. partition[sep] ¶
Split the string at the first occurrence of sep, and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by two empty strings
str. removeprefix[prefix , /] ¶If the string starts with the prefix string, return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67725. Otherwise, return a copy of the original string
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 698
New in version 3. 9
str. removesuffix[suffix , /] ¶If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty, return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67726. Otherwise, return a copy of the original string
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 699
New in version 3. 9
str. replace[old , new[ , count]] ¶Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced
str. rfind[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return the highest index in the string where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67449. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6941 on failurestr. rindex[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶
Like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67729 but raises
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 when the substring sub is not foundstr. rjust[width[ , fillchar]] ¶
Return the string right justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillchar [default is an ASCII space]. The original string is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413str. rpartition[sep] ¶
Split the string at the last occurrence of sep, and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by the string itself
str. rsplit[sep=None , maxsplit=- 1] ¶Return a list of the words in the string, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done, the rightmost ones. If sep is not specified or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting from the right,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67733 behaves like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67734 which is described in detail belowstr. rstrip[[chars]] ¶
Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The chars argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed. If omitted or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, the chars argument defaults to removing whitespace. The chars argument is not a suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6630
See
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67736 for a method that will remove a single suffix string rather than all of a set of characters. For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6631str. split[sep=None , maxsplit=- 1] ¶
Return a list of the words in the string, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done [thus, the list will have at most
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67737 elements]. If maxsplit is not specified or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6941, then there is no limit on the number of splits [all possible splits are made]
If sep is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together and are deemed to delimit empty strings [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67739 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67740]. The sep argument may consist of multiple characters [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67741 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67742]. Splitting an empty string with a specified separator returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67743
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6632
If sep is not specified or is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, a different splitting algorithm is applied. runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string consisting of just whitespace with a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 separator returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 649
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6633str. splitlines[keepends=False] ¶
Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true
This method splits on the following line boundaries. In particular, the boundaries are a superset of universal newlines .
Representation
Description
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67447
Line Feed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67448
Carriage Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67749
Carriage Return + Line Feed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67750 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67751
Line Tabulation
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67752 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67753
Form Feed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67754
File Separator
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67755
Group Separator
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67756
Record Separator
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67757
Next Line [C1 Control Code]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67758
Line Separator
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67759
Paragraph Separator
Changed in version 3. 2.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67750 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67752 added to list of line boundaries.
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6634
Unlike
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67734 when a delimiter string sep is given, this method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal line break does not result in an extra line
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6635
For comparison,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67763 gives
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6636str. startswith[prefix[ , start[ , end]]] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if string starts with the prefix, otherwise return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638. prefix can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for. With optional start, test string beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing string at that positionstr. strip[[chars]] ¶
Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing characters removed. The chars argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed. If omitted or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, the chars argument defaults to removing whitespace. The chars argument is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6637
The outermost leading and trailing chars argument values are stripped from the string. Characters are removed from the leading end until reaching a string character that is not contained in the set of characters in chars. A similar action takes place on the trailing end. For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6638str. swapcase[] ¶
Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa. Note that it is not necessarily true that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67767str. title[] ¶
Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6639
The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired result
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6640
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67768 function does not have this problem, as it splits words on spaces only
Alternatively, a workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular expressions
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6641str. translate[table] ¶
Return a copy of the string in which each character has been mapped through the given translation table. The table must be an object that implements indexing via
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67769, typically a mapping or sequence . When indexed by a Unicode ordinal [an integer], the table object can do any of the following. return a Unicode ordinal or a string, to map the character to one or more other characters; return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, to delete the character from the return string; or raise a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67771 exception, to map the character to itself.
You can use
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67772 to create a translation map from character-to-character mappings in different formats
See also the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67773 module for a more flexible approach to custom character mappingsstr. upper[] ¶
Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters 4 converted to uppercase. Note that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67774 might be
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 if
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67494 contains uncased characters or if the Unicode category of the resulting character[s] is not “Lu” [Letter, uppercase], but e. g. “Lt” [Letter, titlecase]
The uppercasing algorithm used is described in section 3. 13 of the Unicode Standard
str. zfill[width] ¶Return a copy of the string left filled with ASCII
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67777 digits to make a string of length width. A leading sign prefix [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67778/
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67779] is handled by inserting the padding after the sign character rather than before. The original string is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6642
def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7426-style String Formatting¶
Note
The formatting operations described here exhibit a variety of quirks that lead to a number of common errors [such as failing to display tuples and dictionaries correctly]. Using the newer formatted string literals , the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67425 interface, or template strings may help avoid these errors. Each of these alternatives provides their own trade-offs and benefits of simplicity, flexibility, and/or extensibility.
String objects have one unique built-in operation. the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67783 operator [modulo]. This is also known as the string formatting or interpolation operator. Given
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67784 [where format is a string],
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67783 conversion specifications in format are replaced with zero or more elements of values. The effect is similar to using the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67786 in the C language
If format requires a single argument, values may be a single non-tuple object. 5 Otherwise, values must be a tuple with exactly the number of items specified by the format string, or a single mapping object [for example, a dictionary]
A conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the following components, which must occur in this order
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7787 character, which marks the start of the specifierMapping key [optional], consisting of a parenthesised sequence of characters [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7788]Conversion flags [optional], which affect the result of some conversion types
Minimum field width [optional]. If specified as an
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7789 [asterisk], the actual width is read from the next element of the tuple in values, and the object to convert comes after the minimum field width and optional precisionPrecision [optional], given as a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7790 [dot] followed by the precision. If specified asdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7789 [an asterisk], the actual precision is read from the next element of the tuple in values, and the value to convert comes after the precisionLength modifier [optional]
Conversion type
When the right argument is a dictionary [or other mapping type], then the formats in the string must include a parenthesised mapping key into that dictionary inserted immediately after the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67787 character. The mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping. For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6643
In this case no
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66400 specifiers may occur in a format [since they require a sequential parameter list]
The conversion flag characters are
Flag
Nghĩa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67794
The value conversion will use the “alternate form” [where defined below]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67777
The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67779
The converted value is left adjusted [overrides the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67777 conversion if both are given]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67798
[a space] A blank should be left before a positive number [or empty string] produced by a signed conversion
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67778
A sign character [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67778 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67779] will precede the conversion [overrides a “space” flag]
A length modifier [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68202,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68203, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68204] may be present, but is ignored as it is not necessary for Python – so e. g.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68205 is identical to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68206
The conversion types are
Conversion
Nghĩa
ghi chú
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68207
Signed integer decimal
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68208
Signed integer decimal
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68209
Signed octal value
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68210
Obsolete type – it is identical to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68207
[6]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68212
Signed hexadecimal [lowercase]
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68213
Signed hexadecimal [uppercase]
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68214
Floating point exponential format [lowercase]
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68215
Floating point exponential format [uppercase]
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68216
Floating point decimal format
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68217
Floating point decimal format
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68218
Floating point format. Uses lowercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68219
Floating point format. Uses uppercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68220
Single character [accepts integer or single character string]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68221
String [converts any Python object using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 632]
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68223
String [converts any Python object using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 633]
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68225
String [converts any Python object using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68226]
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67787
No argument is converted, results in a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67787 character in the result
ghi chú
The alternate form causes a leading octal specifier [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8229] to be inserted before the first digitThe alternate form causes a leading
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8230 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8231 [depending on whether thedef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8212 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8213 format was used] to be inserted before the first digitThe alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it
The precision determines the number of digits after the decimal point and defaults to 6
The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise be
The precision determines the number of significant digits before and after the decimal point and defaults to 6
If precision is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8234, the output is truncated todef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8234 charactersSee PEP 237
Since Python strings have an explicit length,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68236 conversions do not assume that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68237 is the end of the string
Changed in version 3. 1.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68238 conversions for numbers whose absolute value is over 1e50 are no longer replaced by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68239 conversions.
Binary Sequence Types — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6423, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6424, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8242¶
The core built-in types for manipulating binary data are
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424. They are supported by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68242 which uses the buffer protocol to access the memory of other binary objects without needing to make a copy.
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68246 module supports efficient storage of basic data types like 32-bit integers and IEEE754 double-precision floating values
Bytes Objects¶
Bytes objects are immutable sequences of single bytes. Since many major binary protocols are based on the ASCII text encoding, bytes objects offer several methods that are only valid when working with ASCII compatible data and are closely related to string objects in a variety of other ways
class bytes[[source[ , encoding[ , errors]]]] ¶Firstly, the syntax for bytes literals is largely the same as that for string literals, except that a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68247 prefix is added
Single quotes.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8248Double quotes.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8249Triple quoted.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8250,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8251
Only ASCII characters are permitted in bytes literals [regardless of the declared source code encoding]. Any binary values over 127 must be entered into bytes literals using the appropriate escape sequence
As with string literals, bytes literals may also use a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67362 prefix to disable processing of escape sequences. See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of bytes literal, including supported escape sequences.
While bytes literals and representations are based on ASCII text, bytes objects actually behave like immutable sequences of integers, with each value in the sequence restricted such that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68253 [attempts to violate this restriction will trigger
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977]. This is done deliberately to emphasise that while many binary formats include ASCII based elements and can be usefully manipulated with some text-oriented algorithms, this is not generally the case for arbitrary binary data [blindly applying text processing algorithms to binary data formats that are not ASCII compatible will usually lead to data corruption]
In addition to the literal forms, bytes objects can be created in a number of other ways
A zero-filled bytes object of a specified length.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8255From an iterable of integers.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8256Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8257
Also see the bytes built-in.
Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly, the bytes type has an additional class method to read data in that format
classmethod fromhex[string] ¶This
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 class method returns a bytes object, decoding the given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits per byte, with ASCII whitespace being ignored
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6644
Changed in version 3. 7. ______18259 hiện bỏ qua tất cả khoảng trắng ASCII trong chuỗi, không chỉ khoảng trắng.
A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytes object into its hexadecimal representation
hex[[sep[ , bytes_per_sep]]] ¶Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each byte in the instance
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6645
If you want to make the hex string easier to read, you can specify a single character separator sep parameter to include in the output. By default, this separator will be included between each byte. A second optional bytes_per_sep parameter controls the spacing. Positive values calculate the separator position from the right, negative values from the left
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6646
New in version 3. 5
Changed in version 3. 8.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68260 now supports optional sep and bytes_per_sep parameters to insert separators between bytes in the hex output.
Since bytes objects are sequences of integers [akin to a tuple], for a bytes object b,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68261 will be an integer, while
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68262 will be a bytes object of length 1. [This contrasts with text strings, where both indexing and slicing will produce a string of length 1]
The representation of bytes objects uses the literal format [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68263] since it is often more useful than e. g.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68264. You can always convert a bytes object into a list of integers using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68265
Bytearray Objects¶
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424 objects are a mutable counterpart to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 objectsclass bytearray[[source[ , encoding[ , errors]]]] ¶
There is no dedicated literal syntax for bytearray objects, instead they are always created by calling the constructor
Creating an empty instance.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8268Creating a zero-filled instance with a given length.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8269From an iterable of integers.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8270Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8271
As bytearray objects are mutable, they support the mutable sequence operations in addition to the common bytes and bytearray operations described in Bytes and Bytearray Operations .
Also see the bytearray built-in.
Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly, the bytearray type has an additional class method to read data in that format
classmethod fromhex[string] ¶This
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424 class method returns bytearray object, decoding the given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits per byte, with ASCII whitespace being ignored
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6647
Changed in version 3. 7.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68273 now skips all ASCII whitespace in the string, not just spaces.
A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytearray object into its hexadecimal representation
hex[[sep[ , bytes_per_sep]]] ¶Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each byte in the instance
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6648
New in version 3. 5
Changed in version 3. 8. Similar to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68260,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68275 now supports optional sep and bytes_per_sep parameters to insert separators between bytes in the hex output.
Since bytearray objects are sequences of integers [akin to a list], for a bytearray object b,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68261 will be an integer, while
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68262 will be a bytearray object of length 1. [This contrasts with text strings, where both indexing and slicing will produce a string of length 1]
The representation of bytearray objects uses the bytes literal format [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68278] since it is often more useful than e. g.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68279. You can always convert a bytearray object into a list of integers using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68265
Bytes and Bytearray Operations¶
Both bytes and bytearray objects support the common sequence operations. They interoperate not just with operands of the same type, but with any bytes-like object . Due to this flexibility, they can be freely mixed in operations without causing errors. However, the return type of the result may depend on the order of operands.
Note
The methods on bytes and bytearray objects don’t accept strings as their arguments, just as the methods on strings don’t accept bytes as their arguments. For example, you have to write
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6649
and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6730
Some bytes and bytearray operations assume the use of ASCII compatible binary formats, and hence should be avoided when working with arbitrary binary data. These restrictions are covered below
Note
Using these ASCII based operations to manipulate binary data that is not stored in an ASCII based format may lead to data corruption
The following methods on bytes and bytearray objects can be used with arbitrary binary data
bytes. count[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. count[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsequence sub in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation
The subsequence to search for may be any bytes-like object or an integer in the range 0 to 255.
If sub is empty, returns the number of empty slices between characters which is the length of the bytes object plus one
Changed in version 3. 3. Also accept an integer in the range 0 to 255 as the subsequence.
bytes. removeprefix[prefix , /] ¶ bytearray. removeprefix[prefix , /] ¶If the binary data starts with the prefix string, return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68281. Otherwise, return a copy of the original binary data
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6731
The prefix may be any bytes-like object .
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
New in version 3. 9
bytes. removesuffix[suffix , /] ¶ bytearray. removesuffix[suffix , /] ¶If the binary data ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty, return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68282. Otherwise, return a copy of the original binary data
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6732
The suffix may be any bytes-like object .
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
New in version 3. 9
bytes. decode[encoding='utf-8' , errors='strict'] ¶ bytearray. decode[encoding='utf-8' , errors='strict'] ¶Return the bytes decoded to a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422
mã hóa mặc định thành def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7436; . Standard Encodings for possible values.
errors controls how decoding errors are handled. If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67437 [the default], a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67438 exception is raised. Other possible values are
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67439,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67440, and any other name registered via
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67443. See Error Handlers for details.
For performance reasons, the value of errors is not checked for validity unless a decoding error actually occurs, Python Development Mode is enabled or a debug build is used.
Note
Passing the encoding argument to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 allows decoding any bytes-like object directly, without needing to make a temporary
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424 object.
Changed in version 3. 1. Added support for keyword arguments.
Changed in version 3. 9. The value of the errors argument is now checked in Python Development Mode and in debug mode .
bytes. endswith[suffix[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. endswith[suffix[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the binary data ends with the specified suffix, otherwise return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638. suffix can also be a tuple of suffixes to look for. With optional start, test beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing at that position
The suffix[es] to search for may be any bytes-like object .
bytes. find[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. find[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return the lowest index in the data where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained in the slice
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67449. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6941 if sub is not found
The subsequence to search for may be any bytes-like object or an integer in the range 0 to 255.
Note
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67451 method should be used only if you need to know the position of sub. To check if sub is a substring or not, use the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 698 operator
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6733
Changed in version 3. 3. Also accept an integer in the range 0 to 255 as the subsequence.
bytes. index[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. index[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67451, but raise
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 when the subsequence is not found
The subsequence to search for may be any bytes-like object or an integer in the range 0 to 255.
Changed in version 3. 3. Also accept an integer in the range 0 to 255 as the subsequence.
bytes. join[iterable] ¶ bytearray. join[iterable] ¶Return a bytes or bytearray object which is the concatenation of the binary data sequences in iterable. A
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 688 will be raised if there are any values in iterable that are not bytes-like objects , including
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 objects. The separator between elements is the contents of the bytes or bytearray object providing this method. static bytes. maketrans[from , to] ¶ static bytearray. maketrans[from , to] ¶
This static method returns a translation table usable for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69003 that will map each character in from into the character at the same position in to; from and to must both be bytes-like objects and have the same length.
New in version 3. 1
bytes. partition[sep] ¶ bytearray. partition[sep] ¶Split the sequence at the first occurrence of sep, and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself or its bytearray copy, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing a copy of the original sequence, followed by two empty bytes or bytearray objects
The separator to search for may be any bytes-like object .
bytes. replace[old , new[ , count]] ¶ bytearray. replace[old , new[ , count]] ¶Return a copy of the sequence with all occurrences of subsequence old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced
The subsequence to search for and its replacement may be any bytes-like object .
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. rfind[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. rfind[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return the highest index in the sequence where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained within
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67449. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6941 on failure
The subsequence to search for may be any bytes-like object or an integer in the range 0 to 255.
Changed in version 3. 3. Also accept an integer in the range 0 to 255 as the subsequence.
bytes. rindex[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. rindex[sub[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67729 but raises
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 when the subsequence sub is not found
The subsequence to search for may be any bytes-like object or an integer in the range 0 to 255.
Changed in version 3. 3. Also accept an integer in the range 0 to 255 as the subsequence.
bytes. rpartition[sep] ¶ bytearray. rpartition[sep] ¶Split the sequence at the last occurrence of sep, and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself or its bytearray copy, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes or bytearray objects, followed by a copy of the original sequence
The separator to search for may be any bytes-like object .
bytes. startswith[prefix[ , start[ , end]]] ¶ bytearray. startswith[prefix[ , start[ , end]]] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the binary data starts with the specified prefix, otherwise return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638. prefix can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for. With optional start, test beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing at that position
The prefix[es] to search for may be any bytes-like object .
bytes. translate[table , / , delete=b''] ¶ bytearray. translate[table , / , delete=b''] ¶Return a copy of the bytes or bytearray object where all bytes occurring in the optional argument delete are removed, and the remaining bytes have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256
You can use the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69010 method to create a translation table
Set the table argument to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 for translations that only delete characters
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6734
Changed in version 3. 6. delete is now supported as a keyword argument.
The following methods on bytes and bytearray objects have default behaviours that assume the use of ASCII compatible binary formats, but can still be used with arbitrary binary data by passing appropriate arguments. Note that all of the bytearray methods in this section do not operate in place, and instead produce new objects
bytes. center[width[ , fillbyte]] ¶ bytearray. center[width[ , fillbyte]] ¶Return a copy of the object centered in a sequence of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillbyte [default is an ASCII space]. For
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 objects, the original sequence is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. ljust[width[ , fillbyte]] ¶ bytearray. ljust[width[ , fillbyte]] ¶Return a copy of the object left justified in a sequence of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillbyte [default is an ASCII space]. For
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 objects, the original sequence is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. lstrip[[chars]] ¶ bytearray. lstrip[[chars]] ¶Return a copy of the sequence with specified leading bytes removed. The chars argument is a binary sequence specifying the set of byte values to be removed - the name refers to the fact this method is usually used with ASCII characters. If omitted or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, the chars argument defaults to removing ASCII whitespace. The chars argument is not a prefix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6735
The binary sequence of byte values to remove may be any bytes-like object . See
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69017 for a method that will remove a single prefix string rather than all of a set of characters. For example.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6736
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. rjust[width[ , fillbyte]] ¶ bytearray. rjust[width[ , fillbyte]] ¶Return a copy of the object right justified in a sequence of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillbyte [default is an ASCII space]. For
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 objects, the original sequence is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66413
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. rsplit[sep=None , maxsplit=- 1] ¶ bytearray. rsplit[sep=None , maxsplit=- 1] ¶Split the binary sequence into subsequences of the same type, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done, the rightmost ones. If sep is not specified or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, any subsequence consisting solely of ASCII whitespace is a separator. Except for splitting from the right,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67733 behaves like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67734 which is described in detail belowbytes. rstrip[[chars]] ¶ bytearray. rstrip[[chars]] ¶
Return a copy of the sequence with specified trailing bytes removed. The chars argument is a binary sequence specifying the set of byte values to be removed - the name refers to the fact this method is usually used with ASCII characters. If omitted or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, the chars argument defaults to removing ASCII whitespace. The chars argument is not a suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6737
The binary sequence of byte values to remove may be any bytes-like object . See
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69024 for a method that will remove a single suffix string rather than all of a set of characters. For example.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6738
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. split[sep=None , maxsplit=- 1] ¶ bytearray. split[sep=None , maxsplit=- 1] ¶Split the binary sequence into subsequences of the same type, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given and non-negative, at most maxsplit splits are done [thus, the list will have at most
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67737 elements]. If maxsplit is not specified or is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6941, then there is no limit on the number of splits [all possible splits are made]
If sep is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together and are deemed to delimit empty subsequences [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69027 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69028]. The sep argument may consist of a multibyte sequence [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69029 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69030]. Splitting an empty sequence with a specified separator returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69031 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69032 depending on the type of object being split. The sep argument may be any bytes-like object .
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6739
If sep is not specified or is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, a different splitting algorithm is applied. runs of consecutive ASCII whitespace are regarded as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings at the start or end if the sequence has leading or trailing whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty sequence or a sequence consisting solely of ASCII whitespace without a specified separator returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 649
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6740bytes. strip[[chars]] ¶ bytearray. strip[[chars]] ¶
Return a copy of the sequence with specified leading and trailing bytes removed. The chars argument is a binary sequence specifying the set of byte values to be removed - the name refers to the fact this method is usually used with ASCII characters. If omitted or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, the chars argument defaults to removing ASCII whitespace. The chars argument is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6741
The binary sequence of byte values to remove may be any bytes-like object .
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
The following methods on bytes and bytearray objects assume the use of ASCII compatible binary formats and should not be applied to arbitrary binary data. Note that all of the bytearray methods in this section do not operate in place, and instead produce new objects
bytes. capitalize[] ¶ bytearray. capitalize[] ¶Return a copy of the sequence with each byte interpreted as an ASCII character, and the first byte capitalized and the rest lowercased. Non-ASCII byte values are passed through unchanged
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. expandtabs[tabsize=8] ¶ bytearray. expandtabs[tabsize=8] ¶Return a copy of the sequence where all ASCII tab characters are replaced by one or more ASCII spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. Tab positions occur every tabsize bytes [default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on]. To expand the sequence, the current column is set to zero and the sequence is examined byte by byte. If the byte is an ASCII tab character [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69036], one or more space characters are inserted in the result until the current column is equal to the next tab position. [The tab character itself is not copied. ] If the current byte is an ASCII newline [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69037] or carriage return [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69038], it is copied and the current column is reset to zero. Any other byte value is copied unchanged and the current column is incremented by one regardless of how the byte value is represented when printed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6742
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. isalnum[] ¶ bytearray. isalnum[] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all bytes in the sequence are alphabetical ASCII characters or ASCII decimal digits and the sequence is not empty,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Alphabetic ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69041. ASCII decimal digits are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69042
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6743bytes. isalpha[] ¶ bytearray. isalpha[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all bytes in the sequence are alphabetic ASCII characters and the sequence is not empty,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. Alphabetic ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69041
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6744bytes. isascii[] ¶ bytearray. isascii[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the sequence is empty or all bytes in the sequence are ASCII,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. ASCII bytes are in the range 0-0x7F
New in version 3. 7
bytes. isdigit[] ¶ bytearray. isdigit[] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all bytes in the sequence are ASCII decimal digits and the sequence is not empty,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. ASCII decimal digits are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69042
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6745bytes. islower[] ¶ bytearray. islower[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if there is at least one lowercase ASCII character in the sequence and no uppercase ASCII characters,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6746
Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69053. Uppercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69054bytes. isspace[] ¶ bytearray. isspace[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if all bytes in the sequence are ASCII whitespace and the sequence is not empty,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. ASCII whitespace characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69057 [space, tab, newline, carriage return, vertical tab, form feed]bytes. istitle[] ¶ bytearray. istitle[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the sequence is ASCII titlecase and the sequence is not empty,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise. See
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69060 for more details on the definition of “titlecase”
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6747bytes. isupper[] ¶ bytearray. isupper[] ¶
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if there is at least one uppercase alphabetic ASCII character in the sequence and no lowercase ASCII characters,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 otherwise
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6748
Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69053. Uppercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69054bytes. lower[] ¶ bytearray. lower[] ¶
Return a copy of the sequence with all the uppercase ASCII characters converted to their corresponding lowercase counterpart
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6749
Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69053. Uppercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69054
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. splitlines[keepends=False] ¶ bytearray. splitlines[keepends=False] ¶Return a list of the lines in the binary sequence, breaking at ASCII line boundaries. This method uses the universal newlines approach to splitting lines. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true.
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6770
Unlike
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67734 when a delimiter string sep is given, this method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal line break does not result in an extra line
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6771bytes. swapcase[] ¶ bytearray. swapcase[] ¶
Return a copy of the sequence with all the lowercase ASCII characters converted to their corresponding uppercase counterpart and vice-versa
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6772
Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69053. Uppercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69054
Unlike
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69070, it is always the case that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69071 for the binary versions. Case conversions are symmetrical in ASCII, even though that is not generally true for arbitrary Unicode code points
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. title[] ¶ bytearray. title[] ¶Return a titlecased version of the binary sequence where words start with an uppercase ASCII character and the remaining characters are lowercase. Uncased byte values are left unmodified
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6773
Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69053. Uppercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69054. All other byte values are uncased
The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired result
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6774
A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular expressions
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6775
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. upper[] ¶ bytearray. upper[] ¶Return a copy of the sequence with all the lowercase ASCII characters converted to their corresponding uppercase counterpart
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6776
Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69053. Uppercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69054
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
bytes. zfill[width] ¶ bytearray. zfill[width] ¶Return a copy of the sequence left filled with ASCII
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69076 digits to make a sequence of length width. A leading sign prefix [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69077/
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69078] is handled by inserting the padding after the sign character rather than before. For
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 objects, the original sequence is returned if width is less than or equal to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 69080
For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6777
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7426-style Bytes Formatting¶
Note
The formatting operations described here exhibit a variety of quirks that lead to a number of common errors [such as failing to display tuples and dictionaries correctly]. If the value being printed may be a tuple or dictionary, wrap it in a tuple
Bytes objects [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423/
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424] have one unique built-in operation. the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67783 operator [modulo]. This is also known as the bytes formatting or interpolation operator. Given
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67784 [where format is a bytes object],
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67783 conversion specifications in format are replaced with zero or more elements of values. The effect is similar to using the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67786 in the C language
If format requires a single argument, values may be a single non-tuple object. 5 Otherwise, values must be a tuple with exactly the number of items specified by the format bytes object, or a single mapping object [for example, a dictionary]
A conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the following components, which must occur in this order
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7787 character, which marks the start of the specifierMapping key [optional], consisting of a parenthesised sequence of characters [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7788]Conversion flags [optional], which affect the result of some conversion types
Minimum field width [optional]. If specified as an
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7789 [asterisk], the actual width is read from the next element of the tuple in values, and the object to convert comes after the minimum field width and optional precisionPrecision [optional], given as a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7790 [dot] followed by the precision. If specified asdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
7789 [an asterisk], the actual precision is read from the next element of the tuple in values, and the value to convert comes after the precisionLength modifier [optional]
Conversion type
When the right argument is a dictionary [or other mapping type], then the formats in the bytes object must include a parenthesised mapping key into that dictionary inserted immediately after the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67787 character. The mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping. For example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6778
In this case no
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66400 specifiers may occur in a format [since they require a sequential parameter list]
The conversion flag characters are
Flag
Nghĩa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67794
The value conversion will use the “alternate form” [where defined below]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67777
The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67779
The converted value is left adjusted [overrides the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67777 conversion if both are given]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67798
[a space] A blank should be left before a positive number [or empty string] produced by a signed conversion
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67778
A sign character [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67778 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67779] will precede the conversion [overrides a “space” flag]
A length modifier [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68202,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68203, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68204] may be present, but is ignored as it is not necessary for Python – so e. g.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68205 is identical to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68206
The conversion types are
Conversion
Nghĩa
ghi chú
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68207
Signed integer decimal
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68208
Signed integer decimal
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68209
Signed octal value
[1]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68210
Obsolete type – it is identical to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68207
[số 8]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68212
Signed hexadecimal [lowercase]
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68213
Signed hexadecimal [uppercase]
[2]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68214
Floating point exponential format [lowercase]
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68215
Floating point exponential format [uppercase]
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68216
Floating point decimal format
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68217
Floating point decimal format
[3]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68218
Floating point format. Uses lowercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68219
Floating point format. Uses uppercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise
[4]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68220
Single byte [accepts integer or single byte objects]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6022
Bytes [any object that follows the buffer protocol or has
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6023].
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68223
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68223 is an alias for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6022 and should only be used for Python2/3 code bases
[6]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68225
Bytes [converts any Python object using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6028]
[5]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68221
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68221 is an alias for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68225 and should only be used for Python2/3 code bases
[7]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67787
No argument is converted, results in a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67787 character in the result
ghi chú
The alternate form causes a leading octal specifier [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8229] to be inserted before the first digitThe alternate form causes a leading
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8230 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8231 [depending on whether thedef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8212 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8213 format was used] to be inserted before the first digitThe alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it
The precision determines the number of digits after the decimal point and defaults to 6
The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise be
The precision determines the number of significant digits before and after the decimal point and defaults to 6
If precision is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8234, the output is truncated todef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8234 charactersdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
041 is deprecated, but will not be removed during the 3. x seriesdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
042 is deprecated, but will not be removed during the 3. x seriesSee PEP 237
Note
The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made
Xem thêm
PEP 461 - Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray
New in version 3. 5
Memory Views¶
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68242 objects allow Python code to access the internal data of an object that supports the buffer protocol without copying. class memoryview[object] ¶
Create a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68242 that references object. object must support the buffer protocol. Built-in objects that support the buffer protocol include
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424
A
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68242 has the notion of an element, which is the atomic memory unit handled by the originating object. For many simple types such as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424, an element is a single byte, but other types such as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6050 may have bigger elements
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6051 is equal to the length of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6052. If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6053, the length is 1. If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6054, the length is equal to the number of elements in the view. For higher dimensions, the length is equal to the length of the nested list representation of the view. The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6055 attribute will give you the number of bytes in a single element
A
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68242 supports slicing and indexing to expose its data. One-dimensional slicing will result in a subview
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6779
If
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6057 is one of the native format specifiers from the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 module, indexing with an integer or a tuple of integers is also supported and returns a single element with the correct type. One-dimensional memoryviews can be indexed with an integer or a one-integer tuple. Multi-dimensional memoryviews can be indexed with tuples of exactly ndim integers where ndim is the number of dimensions. Zero-dimensional memoryviews can be indexed with the empty tuple
Here is an example with a non-byte format
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6820
If the underlying object is writable, the memoryview supports one-dimensional slice assignment. Resizing is not allowed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6821
One-dimensional memoryviews of hashable [read-only] types with formats ‘B’, ‘b’ or ‘c’ are also hashable. The hash is defined as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6059
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6822
Changed in version 3. 3. One-dimensional memoryviews can now be sliced. One-dimensional memoryviews with formats ‘B’, ‘b’ or ‘c’ are now hashable.
Changed in version 3. 4. memoryview is now registered automatically with
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66396
Changed in version 3. 5. memoryviews can now be indexed with tuple of integers.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68242 has several methods__eq__[exporter] ¶
A memoryview and a PEP 3118 exporter are equal if their shapes are equivalent and if all corresponding values are equal when the operands’ respective format codes are interpreted using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 syntax
For the subset of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 format strings currently supported by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6064,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6065 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6066 are equal if
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6067
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6823
If either format string is not supported by the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 module, then the objects will always compare as unequal [even if the format strings and buffer contents are identical]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6824
Note that, as with floating point numbers,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6069 does not imply
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6070 for memoryview objects
Changed in version 3. 3. Previous versions compared the raw memory disregarding the item format and the logical array structure.
tobytes[order='C'] ¶Return the data in the buffer as a bytestring. This is equivalent to calling the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423 constructor on the memoryview
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6825
For non-contiguous arrays the result is equal to the flattened list representation with all elements converted to bytes.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6072 supports all format strings, including those that are not in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 module syntax
New in version 3. 8. order can be {‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’}. When order is ‘C’ or ‘F’, the data of the original array is converted to C or Fortran order. For contiguous views, ‘A’ returns an exact copy of the physical memory. In particular, in-memory Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted to C first. order=None is the same as order=’C’.
hex[[sep[ , bytes_per_sep]]] ¶Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each byte in the buffer
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6826
New in version 3. 5
Changed in version 3. 8. Similar to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 68260,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6075 now supports optional sep and bytes_per_sep parameters to insert separators between bytes in the hex output. tolist[] ¶
Return the data in the buffer as a list of elements
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6827
Changed in version 3. 3.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6064 now supports all single character native formats in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 module syntax as well as multi-dimensional representations. toreadonly[] ¶
Return a readonly version of the memoryview object. The original memoryview object is unchanged
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6828
New in version 3. 8
release[] ¶Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object. Many objects take special actions when a view is held on them [for example, a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66424 would temporarily forbid resizing]; therefore, calling release[] is handy to remove these restrictions [and free any dangling resources] as soon as possible
After this method has been called, any further operation on the view raises a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 [except
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6080 itself which can be called multiple times]
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6829
The context management protocol can be used for a similar effect, using the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081 statement
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6900
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 2
cast[format[ , shape]] ¶Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape. shape defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6082, which means that the result view will be one-dimensional. The return value is a new memoryview, but the buffer itself is not copied. Supported casts are 1D -> C- contiguous and C-contiguous -> 1D.
The destination format is restricted to a single element native format in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058 syntax. One of the formats must be a byte format [‘B’, ‘b’ or ‘c’]. The byte length of the result must be the same as the original length
Cast 1D/long to 1D/unsigned bytes
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901
Truyền 1D/byte không dấu thành 1D/char
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902
Cast 1D/bytes to 3D/ints to 1D/signed char
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6903
Cast 1D/unsigned long to 2D/unsigned long
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6904
New in version 3. 3
Changed in version 3. 5. The source format is no longer restricted when casting to a byte view.
There are also several readonly attributes available
obj ¶The underlying object of the memoryview
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6905
New in version 3. 3
nbytes ¶def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6084. Đây là lượng không gian tính bằng byte mà mảng sẽ sử dụng trong biểu diễn liền kề. Nó không nhất thiết phải bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6085
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6906
mảng nhiều chiều
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6907
New in version 3. 3
chỉ đọc ¶Một bool cho biết bộ nhớ có ở chế độ chỉ đọc hay không
định dạng ¶Một chuỗi chứa định dạng [theo kiểu mô-đun
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6058] cho từng thành phần trong dạng xem. Một chế độ xem bộ nhớ có thể được tạo từ các trình xuất với các chuỗi định dạng tùy ý, nhưng một số phương thức [e. g.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6064] bị giới hạn ở các định dạng phần tử đơn gốc
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 3. định dạng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6088 hiện được xử lý theo cú pháp mô-đun cấu trúc. Điều này có nghĩa là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6089. kích thước mặt hàng ¶
Kích thước tính bằng byte của từng phần tử của memoryview
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6908ndim ¶
Một số nguyên cho biết có bao nhiêu chiều của một mảng nhiều chiều mà bộ nhớ đại diện
Một bộ số nguyên có độ dài bằng _______0090 tạo ra hình dạng của bộ nhớ dưới dạng một mảng N chiều
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 3. Một bộ trống thay vì
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 khi ndim = 0. sải chân ¶
Một bộ số nguyên có độ dài
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6090 cung cấp kích thước tính bằng byte để truy cập từng phần tử cho từng chiều của mảng
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 3. Một bộ trống thay vì
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 khi ndim = 0. độ lệch con ¶
Được sử dụng nội bộ cho các mảng kiểu PIL. Giá trị chỉ là thông tin
c_contiguous ¶Một bool cho biết liệu bộ nhớ có phải là C- tiếp giáp .
New in version 3. 3
f_contiguous ¶Một bool cho biết bộ nhớ có phải là Fortran hay không tiếp giáp .
New in version 3. 3
tiếp giáp ¶Một bool cho biết liệu bộ nhớ có liền kề .
New in version 3. 3
Loại tập hợp — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6469, def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6470¶
Đối tượng tập hợp là một tập hợp không theo thứ tự các đối tượng có thể băm riêng biệt. Các ứng dụng phổ biến bao gồm kiểm tra tư cách thành viên, loại bỏ các bản trùng lặp khỏi chuỗi và tính toán các phép toán như giao, hợp, hiệu và hiệu đối xứng. [Đối với các vùng chứa khác, hãy xem các lớp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66393 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66394 tích hợp sẵn và mô-đun
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6099. ]
Giống như các bộ sưu tập khác, bộ hỗ trợ
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6100,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6101 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6102. Là một tập hợp không có thứ tự, các tập hợp không ghi vị trí phần tử hoặc thứ tự chèn. Theo đó, các bộ không hỗ trợ lập chỉ mục, cắt hoặc hành vi giống như trình tự khác
Hiện tại có hai loại bộ tích hợp sẵn,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470. Loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 có thể thay đổi — có thể thay đổi nội dung bằng các phương pháp như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6106 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67301. Vì nó có thể thay đổi nên nó không có giá trị băm và không thể được sử dụng làm khóa từ điển hoặc làm thành phần của tập hợp khác. Loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470 là bất biến và có thể băm — không thể thay đổi nội dung của nó sau khi được tạo; .
Ví dụ: có thể tạo các tập hợp không trống [không phải tập hợp cố định] bằng cách đặt danh sách các phần tử được phân tách bằng dấu phẩy trong dấu ngoặc nhọn.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6109, ngoài hàm tạo
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469
Các hàm tạo cho cả hai lớp hoạt động như nhau
class set[[iterable]] ¶ class frozenset[[iterable]] ¶Trả về một đối tượng set hoặc freezeset mới có các phần tử được lấy từ iterable. Các phần tử của tập hợp phải có thể băm được . Để đại diện cho các tập hợp, các tập hợp bên trong phải là ____16470 đối tượng. Nếu iterable không được chỉ định, một bộ trống mới được trả về.
Các bộ có thể được tạo bằng nhiều cách
Sử dụng danh sách các phần tử được phân tách bằng dấu phẩy trong dấu ngoặc nhọn.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
109Sử dụng một bộ hiểu.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
113Sử dụng hàm tạo kiểu.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
51,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
115,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
116
Các trường hợp của
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470 cung cấp các thao tác sau[các] ống kính
Trả về số phần tử trong tập hợp s [số lượng của s]
x in sTest x for membership in s
x not in sTest x for non-membership in s
isdisjoint[other] ¶Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if the set has no elements in common with other. Sets are disjoint if and only if their intersection is the empty setissubset[other] ¶ set 6 120issuperset[other] ¶ set >= other
Test whether every element in other is in the set
set > otherTest whether the set is a proper superset of other, that is,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6121union[*others] ¶ set . other . .
Return a new set with elements from the set and all others
intersection[*others] ¶ set & other & .Return a new set with elements common to the set and all others
difference[*others] ¶ set - other - .Return a new set with elements in the set that are not in the others
symmetric_difference[other] ¶ set ^ otherReturn a new set with elements in either the set or other but not both
copy[] ¶Return a shallow copy of the set
Note, the non-operator versions of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6122,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6123,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6124,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6125,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6126, and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6127 methods will accept any iterable as an argument. In contrast, their operator based counterparts require their arguments to be sets. This precludes error-prone constructions like
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6128 in favor of the more readable
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6129
Both
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470 support set to set comparisons. Two sets are equal if and only if every element of each set is contained in the other [each is a subset of the other]. A set is less than another set if and only if the first set is a proper subset of the second set [is a subset, but is not equal]. A set is greater than another set if and only if the first set is a proper superset of the second set [is a superset, but is not equal]
Instances of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 are compared to instances of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470 based on their members. For example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6134 returns
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 and so does
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6136
The subset and equality comparisons do not generalize to a total ordering function. For example, any two nonempty disjoint sets are not equal and are not subsets of each other, so all of the following return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6138,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6139, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6140
Since sets only define partial ordering [subset relationships], the output of the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6141 method is undefined for lists of sets
Set elements, like dictionary keys, must be hashable .
Binary operations that mix
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 instances with
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470 return the type of the first operand. For example.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6144 returns an instance of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470
The following table lists operations available for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 that do not apply to immutable instances of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66470update[*others] ¶ set . = khác . .
Cập nhật tập hợp, thêm các phần tử từ tất cả các phần tử khác
intersection_update[*khác]¶set &= other & ...Cập nhật tập hợp, chỉ giữ lại các phần tử được tìm thấy trong đó và tất cả các phần tử khác
difference_update[*khác]¶set -= other | .Cập nhật tập hợp, loại bỏ các phần tử được tìm thấy trong các tập hợp khác
symmetric_difference_update[khác] ¶ set ^= otherUpdate the set, keeping only elements found in either set, but not in both
add[elem] ¶Thêm phần tử elem vào tập hợp
xóa[elem] ¶Xóa phần tử elem khỏi tập hợp. Tăng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148 nếu elem không có trong tập hợploại bỏ[elem] ¶
Xóa phần tử elem khỏi tập hợp nếu có
pop[] ¶Xóa và trả về một phần tử tùy ý khỏi tập hợp. Tăng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148 nếu bộ trốngxóa[] ¶
Xóa tất cả các phần tử khỏi tập hợp
Lưu ý, các phiên bản không phải toán tử của các phương thức ________ 0150, ________ 0151, ________ 0152 và ________ 0153 sẽ chấp nhận bất kỳ lần lặp nào làm đối số
Lưu ý, đối số elem cho các phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6900,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67301 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6156 có thể là một tập hợp. Để hỗ trợ tìm kiếm một bộ đóng băng tương đương, một bộ tạm thời được tạo từ elem
Các loại ánh xạ — def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6468¶
A ánh xạ đối tượng ánh xạ các giá trị có thể băm thành các đối tượng tùy ý. Ánh xạ là các đối tượng có thể thay đổi. Hiện tại chỉ có một loại ánh xạ tiêu chuẩn, từ điển. [Đối với các bộ chứa khác, hãy xem các lớp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66393,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66394 tích hợp sẵn và mô-đun
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6099. ]
Khóa của từ điển gần như là giá trị tùy ý. Các giá trị không có thể băm , nghĩa là các giá trị chứa danh sách, từ điển hoặc các loại có thể thay đổi khác [được so sánh theo giá trị thay vì theo danh tính đối tượng] có thể không . Các giá trị so sánh bằng nhau [chẳng hạn như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 655,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6163 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656] có thể được sử dụng thay thế cho nhau để lập chỉ mục cho cùng một mục từ điển. class dict[**kwargs]¶class dict[mapping, **kwargs]class dict[iterable, **kwargs]
Trả về một từ điển mới được khởi tạo từ một đối số vị trí tùy chọn và một bộ đối số từ khóa có thể trống
Từ điển có thể được tạo ra bằng nhiều cách
Sử dụng danh sách các cặp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
165 được phân tách bằng dấu phẩy trong dấu ngoặc nhọn.def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
166 hoặcdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
167Sử dụng hiểu chính tả.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
50,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
169Sử dụng hàm tạo kiểu.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
170,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
171,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
172
Nếu không có đối số vị trí nào được cung cấp, một từ điển trống sẽ được tạo. Nếu một đối số vị trí được đưa ra và nó là một đối tượng ánh xạ, thì một từ điển sẽ được tạo với các cặp khóa-giá trị giống như đối tượng ánh xạ. Mặt khác, đối số vị trí phải là một đối tượng có thể lặp lại . Bản thân mỗi mục trong iterable phải là iterable với chính xác hai đối tượng. Đối tượng đầu tiên của mỗi mục trở thành một khóa trong từ điển mới và đối tượng thứ hai là giá trị tương ứng. Nếu một khóa xuất hiện nhiều lần, giá trị cuối cùng của khóa đó sẽ trở thành giá trị tương ứng trong từ điển mới.
Nếu các đối số từ khóa được đưa ra, thì các đối số từ khóa và giá trị của chúng sẽ được thêm vào từ điển được tạo từ đối số vị trí. Nếu một khóa đang được thêm đã xuất hiện, thì giá trị từ đối số từ khóa sẽ thay thế giá trị từ đối số vị trí
Để minh họa, tất cả các ví dụ sau đều trả về một từ điển bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6173
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6909
Việc cung cấp các đối số từ khóa như trong ví dụ đầu tiên chỉ hoạt động đối với các khóa là mã định danh Python hợp lệ. Mặt khác, bất kỳ khóa hợp lệ nào cũng có thể được sử dụng
Đây là các hoạt động mà từ điển hỗ trợ [và do đó, các loại ánh xạ tùy chỉnh cũng sẽ hỗ trợ]
danh sách[d]Trả về danh sách tất cả các khóa được sử dụng trong từ điển d
cho vay]Trả về số mục trong từ điển d
đ[phím]Trả lại mục của d bằng phím key. Tăng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148 nếu khóa không có trong bản đồ
Nếu một lớp con của dict định nghĩa một phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6175 và không có khóa, thì hoạt động
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6176 gọi phương thức đó với đối số là key key. Hoạt động
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6176 sau đó trả về hoặc tăng bất cứ thứ gì được trả lại hoặc tăng bởi lệnh gọi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6178. Không có hoạt động hoặc phương thức nào khác gọi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6175. Nếu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6175 không được xác định, thì
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148 được nâng lên.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6175 phải là một phương thức;
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 600
Ví dụ trên cho thấy một phần của việc triển khai
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6183. Một phương pháp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6184 khác được sử dụng bởi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6185d[key] = giá trị
Đặt
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6176 thành giá trịdel d[key]
Remove
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6176 from d. Raises a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148 if key is not in the mapkey in d
Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if d has a key key, else
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638key not in d
Equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6191iter[d]
Return an iterator over the keys of the dictionary. This is a shortcut for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6192xóa[] ¶
Remove all items from the dictionary
copy[] ¶Return a shallow copy of the dictionary
classmethod fromkeys[iterable[ , value]] ¶Tạo một từ điển mới với các khóa từ iterable và các giá trị được đặt thành giá trị
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6193 is a class method that returns a new dictionary. giá trị mặc định là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631. All of the values refer to just a single instance, so it generally doesn’t make sense for value to be a mutable object such as an empty list. Để nhận các giá trị riêng biệt, hãy sử dụng hiểu chính tả thay thế. get[key[ , default]] ¶
Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default. If default is not given, it defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631, so that this method never raises a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148items[] ¶
Return a new view of the dictionary’s items [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6197 pairs]. See the documentation of view objects . keys[] ¶
Return a new view of the dictionary’s keys. Xem tài liệu về đối tượng xem .
pop[key[ , default]] ¶Nếu khóa nằm trong từ điển, hãy xóa nó và trả về giá trị của nó, nếu không thì trả về giá trị mặc định. If default is not given and key is not in the dictionary, a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148 is raisedpopitem[] ¶
Xóa và trả về cặp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6197 từ từ điển. Pairs are returned in LIFO order
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6200 is useful to destructively iterate over a dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary is empty, calling
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6200 raises a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6148
Changed in version 3. 7. Đơn hàng LIFO hiện đã được đảm bảo. In prior versions,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6200 would return an arbitrary key/value pair. reversed[d]
Return a reverse iterator over the keys of the dictionary. This is a shortcut for
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6204
New in version 3. 8
setdefault[key[ , default]] ¶If key is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert key with a value of default and return default. default defaults to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631update[[other]] ¶
Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from other, overwriting existing keys. Return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6150 chấp nhận một đối tượng từ điển khác hoặc một cặp khóa/giá trị có thể lặp lại [dưới dạng bộ dữ liệu hoặc các lần lặp khác có độ dài hai]. If keyword arguments are specified, the dictionary is then updated with those key/value pairs.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6208values[] ¶
Return a new view of the dictionary’s values. See the documentation of view objects .
An equality comparison between one
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6209 view and another will always return
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638. This also applies when comparing
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6209 to itself
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 601d . other
Create a new dictionary with the merged keys and values of d and other, which must both be dictionaries. The values of other take priority when d and other share keys
New in version 3. 9
d . = otherCập nhật từ điển d với các khóa và giá trị từ từ điển khác, có thể là ánh xạ hoặc iterable of key/value pairs. The values of other take priority when d and other share keys.
New in version 3. 9
Dictionaries compare equal if and only if they have the same
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6197 pairs [regardless of ordering]. Order comparisons [‘’] raise
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 688.
Từ điển bảo toàn thứ tự chèn. Lưu ý rằng việc cập nhật khóa không ảnh hưởng đến thứ tự. Keys added after deletion are inserted at the end
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 602
Changed in version 3. 7. Thứ tự từ điển được đảm bảo là thứ tự chèn. Hành vi này là một chi tiết triển khai của CPython từ 3. 6.
Dictionaries and dictionary views are reversible
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 603
Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3. 8. Từ điển hiện có thể đảo ngược.
Xem thêm
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6214 can be used to create a read-only view of a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468
Đối tượng xem từ điển¶
The objects returned by
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6216,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6209 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6218 are view objects. Chúng cung cấp chế độ xem động cho các mục nhập của từ điển, có nghĩa là khi từ điển thay đổi, chế độ xem sẽ phản ánh những thay đổi này
Chế độ xem từ điển có thể được lặp đi lặp lại để mang lại dữ liệu tương ứng và hỗ trợ kiểm tra tư cách thành viên
len[dictview]Trả về số mục trong từ điển
lặp đi lặp lại [dictview]Trả về một trình vòng lặp trên các khóa, giá trị hoặc mục [được biểu thị dưới dạng bộ dữ liệu của
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6197] trong từ điển
Các khóa và giá trị được lặp lại theo thứ tự chèn. This allows the creation of
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6220 pairs using
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6221.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6222. Another way to create the same list is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6223
Iterating views while adding or deleting entries in the dictionary may raise a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6224 or fail to iterate over all entries
Changed in version 3. 7. Dictionary order is guaranteed to be insertion order.
x in dictviewReturn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656 if x is in the underlying dictionary’s keys, values or items [in the latter case, x should be a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6197 tuple]reversed[dictview]
Trả về một trình lặp đảo ngược trên các khóa, giá trị hoặc mục của từ điển. The view will be iterated in reverse order of the insertion
Changed in version 3. 8. Dictionary views are now reversible.
dictview. lập bản đồReturn a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6214 that wraps the original dictionary to which the view refers
New in version 3. 10
Keys views are set-like since their entries are unique and hashable. If all values are hashable, so that
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6197 pairs are unique and hashable, then the items view is also set-like. [Values views are not treated as set-like since the entries are generally not unique. ] For set-like views, all of the operations defined for the abstract base class
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6229 are available [for example,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 678,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 674, or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6232]
Một ví dụ về việc sử dụng chế độ xem từ điển
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 604
Các loại trình quản lý ngữ cảnh¶
Câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081 của Python hỗ trợ khái niệm bối cảnh thời gian chạy được xác định bởi trình quản lý bối cảnh. Điều này được thực hiện bằng cách sử dụng một cặp phương thức cho phép các lớp do người dùng định nghĩa xác định bối cảnh thời gian chạy được nhập vào trước khi phần thân câu lệnh được thực thi và thoát khi câu lệnh kết thúctrình quản lý ngữ cảnh. __enter__[] ¶
Enter the runtime context and return either this object or another object related to the runtime context. Giá trị được phương thức này trả về được liên kết với mã định danh trong mệnh đề
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6234 của câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081 bằng trình quản lý ngữ cảnh này
An example of a context manager that returns itself is a file object . File objects return themselves from __enter__[] to allow
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6236 to be used as the context expression in a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081 statement.
Một ví dụ về trình quản lý bối cảnh trả về một đối tượng liên quan là đối tượng được trả về bởi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6238. Các trình quản lý này đặt ngữ cảnh thập phân đang hoạt động thành một bản sao của ngữ cảnh thập phân ban đầu rồi trả lại bản sao. Điều này cho phép thực hiện các thay đổi đối với ngữ cảnh thập phân hiện tại trong phần thân của câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081 mà không ảnh hưởng đến mã bên ngoài câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081trình quản lý ngữ cảnh. __exit__[exc_type , exc_val , exc_tb] ¶
Thoát khỏi bối cảnh thời gian chạy và trả về một cờ Boolean cho biết liệu có nên loại bỏ bất kỳ ngoại lệ nào xảy ra hay không. Nếu một ngoại lệ xảy ra trong khi thực thi phần thân của câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081, thì các đối số chứa loại ngoại lệ, giá trị và thông tin truy nguyên. Mặt khác, cả ba đối số đều là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631
Trả về một giá trị thực từ phương thức này sẽ khiến câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081 chặn ngoại lệ và tiếp tục thực thi với câu lệnh ngay sau câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081. Mặt khác, ngoại lệ tiếp tục lan truyền sau khi phương thức này thực hiện xong. Các ngoại lệ xảy ra trong quá trình thực thi phương thức này sẽ thay thế bất kỳ ngoại lệ nào xảy ra trong phần thân của câu lệnh
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6081
Ngoại lệ được truyền vào không bao giờ được gọi lại một cách rõ ràng - thay vào đó, phương thức này sẽ trả về một giá trị sai để cho biết rằng phương thức đã hoàn tất thành công và không muốn chặn ngoại lệ đã nêu. Điều này cho phép mã quản lý bối cảnh dễ dàng phát hiện xem phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6246 có thực sự bị lỗi hay không
Python định nghĩa một số trình quản lý ngữ cảnh để hỗ trợ đồng bộ hóa luồng dễ dàng, đóng nhanh tệp hoặc các đối tượng khác và thao tác đơn giản hơn đối với ngữ cảnh số học thập phân đang hoạt động. Các loại cụ thể không được xử lý đặc biệt ngoài việc thực hiện giao thức quản lý ngữ cảnh. Xem mô-đun
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6247 để biết một số ví dụ
Trình tạo của Python s và trình trang trí
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6248 cung cấp một cách thuận tiện để triển khai các giao thức này. Nếu một hàm tạo được trang trí bằng trình tạo trang trí
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6248, thì nó sẽ trả về trình quản lý bối cảnh thực hiện các phương thức
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6250 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6246 cần thiết, thay vì trình vòng lặp được tạo bởi hàm tạo không được trang trí.
Lưu ý rằng không có vị trí cụ thể nào cho bất kỳ phương thức nào trong số này trong cấu trúc kiểu cho các đối tượng Python trong API Python/C. Các loại tiện ích mở rộng muốn xác định các phương thức này phải cung cấp chúng như một phương thức truy cập Python thông thường. So với chi phí thiết lập bối cảnh thời gian chạy, chi phí hoạt động của một tra cứu từ điển một lớp là không đáng kể
Loại chú thích loại — Bí danh chung , Liên kết ¶
Các loại tích hợp cốt lõi cho chú thích loại là Bí danh chung and Union.
Loại bí danh chung¶
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 đối tượng thường được tạo bởi đăng ký một lớp. Chúng thường được sử dụng nhất với các lớp vùng chứa , chẳng hạn như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66393 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468. Ví dụ:
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6255 là một đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 được tạo bằng cách đăng ký lớp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66393 với đối số
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901. Các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 được thiết kế chủ yếu để sử dụng với chú thích loại .
Note
Thông thường chỉ có thể đăng ký một lớp nếu lớp đó triển khai phương thức đặc biệt
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6260
Đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 hoạt động như một proxy cho loại chung , triển khai các loại chung được tham số hóa.
Đối với lớp vùng chứa, [các] đối số được cung cấp cho đăng ký của lớp có thể cho biết [các] loại phần tử . Ví dụ,
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6262 có thể được sử dụng trong các chú thích loại để biểu thị một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66469 trong đó tất cả các phần tử thuộc loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423.
Đối với một lớp định nghĩa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6260 nhưng không phải là một vùng chứa, [các] đối số được cung cấp cho đăng ký của lớp thường sẽ chỉ ra [các] kiểu trả về của một hoặc nhiều phương thức được xác định trên một đối tượng. Ví dụ:
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6266 có thể được sử dụng trên cả loại dữ liệu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 và loại dữ liệu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423
Nếu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
269, thìdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
982 sẽ là lại. Khớp đối tượng trong đó các giá trị trả về củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
271 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
272 đều thuộc loạidef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6422. Chúng ta có thể biểu diễn loại đối tượng này trong các chú thích kiểu vớidef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
252def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
275.Nếu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
276, [lưu ýdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
8247 chodef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6423], thìdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6331 cũng sẽ là một thể hiện củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
280, nhưng các giá trị trả về củadef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
281 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
282 đều sẽ thuộc loạidef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6423. Trong các chú thích loại, chúng tôi sẽ trình bày nhiều loại re. Khớp các đối tượng vớidef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
284.
Các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 là các thể hiện của lớp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6286, cũng có thể được sử dụng để tạo trực tiếp các đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252T[X, Y, . ]
Tạo một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 đại diện cho một loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6289 được tham số hóa bởi các loại X, Y, v.v. tùy thuộc vào
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6289 được sử dụng. Ví dụ: một hàm mong đợi một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66393 chứa các phần tử
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 605
Another example for mapping objects, using a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468, which is a generic type expecting two type parameters representing the key type and the value type. Trong ví dụ này, hàm mong đợi một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66468 với các khóa thuộc loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 và các giá trị thuộc loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 606
Các hàm dựng sẵn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6297 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6298 không chấp nhận các loại
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 cho đối số thứ hai của chúng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 607
Thời gian chạy Python không thực thi chú thích loại . Điều này mở rộng đến các loại chung và các tham số loại của chúng. Khi tạo đối tượng vùng chứa từ
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252, các phần tử trong vùng chứa không được kiểm tra đối với loại của chúng. Ví dụ: đoạn mã sau không được khuyến khích nhưng sẽ chạy không có lỗi.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 608
Hơn nữa, các tham số loại được tham số hóa xóa các tham số loại trong quá trình tạo đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 609
Gọi
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 632 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 633 trên một chung hiển thị loại được tham số hóa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 610
Phương pháp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 67769 của các thùng chứa chung sẽ đưa ra một ngoại lệ để không cho phép các lỗi như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6304
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 611
Tuy nhiên, các biểu thức như vậy hợp lệ khi sử dụng biến loại . Chỉ mục phải có nhiều phần tử bằng với số mục biến loại trong đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 của đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6306.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 612
Các lớp học chung tiêu chuẩn¶
Các lớp thư viện tiêu chuẩn sau đây hỗ trợ các generic được tham số hóa. danh sách này là không đầy đủ
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6394def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6393def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6468def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6469def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6470def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
312def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
313def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
185def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
315def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
183def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
317def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
318def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
319def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
320def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
321def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
322def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
323def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
324def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
325def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
326def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
327def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
328def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
329def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
229def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
331def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
332def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
333def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6396def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6472def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
336def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
337def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
338def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
339def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
340def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
341def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
342def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
343def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
344def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
345def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
346def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
347def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
348def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
349def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
350lại. Mẫu
lại. Cuộc thi đấu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
351def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
352def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
353def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
214def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
355def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
356def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
357def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
358
Thuộc tính đặc biệt của đối tượng def bit_length[self]:
s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101'
s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign
return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
252¶
Tất cả các generic được tham số hóa đều triển khai các thuộc tính chỉ đọc đặc biệt
tên chung. __origin__ ¶Thuộc tính này chỉ vào lớp chung không tham số hóa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 613tên chung. __args__ ¶
Thuộc tính này là một
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66394 [có thể có độ dài 1] của các loại chung được truyền cho
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6260 ban đầu của lớp chung
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 614tên chung. __tham số__ ¶
Thuộc tính này là một bộ được tính toán chậm [có thể trống] của các biến loại duy nhất được tìm thấy trong
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6306
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 615
Note
Một đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6252 với các tham số
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6364 có thể không có đúng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6365 sau khi thay thế vì
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6364 chủ yếu dành cho kiểm tra kiểu tĩnhtên chung. __unpacked__ ¶
Một giá trị logic đúng nếu bí danh đã được giải nén bằng cách sử dụng toán tử
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66400 [xem
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6368]
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 11
Xem thêm
PEP 484 - Gợi ý loạiGiới thiệu khung của Python cho các chú thích loại
PEP 585 - Nhập gợi ý Generics trong bộ sưu tập tiêu chuẩnGiới thiệu khả năng tham số hóa các lớp thư viện tiêu chuẩn, miễn là chúng triển khai phương thức lớp đặc biệt
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6260Thuốc chung , Thuốc chung do người dùng định nghĩa và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6370
Tài liệu về cách triển khai các lớp chung có thể được tham số hóa trong thời gian chạy và được hiểu bởi trình kiểm tra kiểu tĩnh
New in version 3. 9
Loại liên minh¶
Đối tượng hợp lưu giữ giá trị của phép toán
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6371 [theo bit hoặc] trên nhiều đối tượng loại . Các loại này chủ yếu dành cho chú thích loại . Biểu thức kiểu kết hợp cho phép cú pháp gợi ý kiểu sạch hơn so với
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6372. X . Y . .
Defines a union object which holds types X, Y, and so forth.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6373 means either X or Y. It is equivalent to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6374. Ví dụ: hàm sau mong đợi một đối số kiểu
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6902
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 616union_object == khác
Union objects can be tested for equality with other union objects. Details
Liên minh công đoàn bị san bằng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
17Redundant types are removed
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
18When comparing unions, the order is ignored
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
19It is compatible with
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
372def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
20Optional types can be spelled as a union with
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
31def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
21
Calls to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6297 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6298 are also supported with a union object
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 622
However, union objects containing parameterized generics cannot be used.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 623
Loại tiếp xúc với người dùng cho đối tượng hợp nhất có thể được truy cập từ
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6381 và được sử dụng để kiểm tra
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6297. An object cannot be instantiated from the type
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 624
Note
The
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6383 method for type objects was added to support the syntax
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6373. If a metaclass implements
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6383, the Union may override it
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 625
Xem thêm
PEP 604 – PEP proposing the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6373 syntax and the Union type
New in version 3. 10
Các loại tích hợp khác¶
Trình thông dịch hỗ trợ một số loại đối tượng khác. Most of these support only one or two operations
Modules¶
The only special operation on a module is attribute access.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6387, where m is a module and name accesses a name defined in m’s symbol table. Thuộc tính mô-đun có thể được gán cho. [Note that the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6388 statement is not, strictly speaking, an operation on a module object;
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6389 does not require a module object named foo to exist, rather it requires an [external] definition for a module named foo somewhere. ]
A special attribute of every module is
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6390. Đây là từ điển chứa bảng ký hiệu của module. Sửa đổi từ điển này sẽ thực sự thay đổi bảng ký hiệu của mô-đun, nhưng không thể gán trực tiếp cho thuộc tính
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6390 [bạn có thể viết
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6392, định nghĩa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6393 là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 655, nhưng bạn không thể viết
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6395]. Modifying
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6390 directly is not recommended
Các mô-đun được tích hợp trong trình thông dịch được viết như thế này.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6397. If loaded from a file, they are written as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6398
Lớp và thực thể lớp¶
See Objects, values and types and Class definitions for these.
Chức năng¶
Function objects are created by function definitions. Thao tác duy nhất trên một đối tượng hàm là gọi nó.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6399
There are really two flavors of function objects. built-in functions and user-defined functions. Cả hai đều hỗ trợ cùng một thao tác [để gọi hàm], nhưng cách thực hiện khác nhau, do đó các loại đối tượng khác nhau
Xem Định nghĩa hàm để biết thêm thông tin.
Methods¶
Methods are functions that are called using the attribute notation. There are two flavors. built-in methods [such as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6400 on lists] and class instance methods. Built-in methods are described with the types that support them
If you access a method [a function defined in a class namespace] through an instance, you get a special object. một đối tượng phương thức ràng buộc [còn gọi là phương thức thể hiện]. When called, it will add the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6401 argument to the argument list. Các phương thức ràng buộc có hai thuộc tính chỉ đọc đặc biệt.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6402 is the object on which the method operates, and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6403 is the function implementing the method. Calling
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6404 is completely equivalent to calling
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6405
Like function objects, bound method objects support getting arbitrary attributes. Tuy nhiên, vì các thuộc tính của phương thức thực sự được lưu trữ trên đối tượng chức năng cơ bản [
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6406], nên việc đặt các thuộc tính của phương thức trên các phương thức bị ràng buộc là không được phép. Attempting to set an attribute on a method results in an
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6407 being raised. In order to set a method attribute, you need to explicitly set it on the underlying function object
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 626
See The standard type hierarchy for more information.
Đối tượng mã¶
Các đối tượng mã được triển khai sử dụng để biểu thị mã Python thực thi được “biên dịch giả” chẳng hạn như thân hàm. They differ from function objects because they don’t contain a reference to their global execution environment. Code objects are returned by the built-in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6408 function and can be extracted from function objects through their
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6409 attribute. See also the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6410 module
Việc truy cập vào
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6409 sẽ tạo ra một sự kiện kiểm tra
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6412 với các đối số
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6413 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6414.
A code object can be executed or evaluated by passing it [instead of a source string] to the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6415 or
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6416 built-in functions
See The standard type hierarchy for more information.
Type Objects¶
Loại đối tượng đại diện cho các loại đối tượng khác nhau. Loại đối tượng được truy cập bằng chức năng tích hợp sẵn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6417. Không có thao tác đặc biệt nào trên các loại. Mô-đun tiêu chuẩn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6418 xác định tên cho tất cả các loại tích hợp tiêu chuẩn
Types are written like this.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6419
The Null Object¶
This object is returned by functions that don’t explicitly return a value. Nó không hỗ trợ các hoạt động đặc biệt. There is exactly one null object, named
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631 [a built-in name].
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6421 produces the same singleton
It is written as
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 631
The Ellipsis Object¶
Đối tượng này thường được sử dụng bằng cách cắt lát [xem Cắt lát ]. Nó không hỗ trợ các hoạt động đặc biệt. Có chính xác một đối tượng dấu chấm lửng, tên là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6423 [tên tích hợp].
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6424 produces the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6423 singleton.
Nó được viết là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6423 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6427
The NotImplemented Object¶
Đối tượng này được trả về từ phép so sánh và phép toán nhị phân khi chúng được yêu cầu thao tác trên các loại mà chúng không hỗ trợ. See Comparisons for more information. Có chính xác một đối tượng
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6428.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6429 tạo ra cá thể đơn lẻ.
Nó được viết là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6428
Boolean Values¶
Boolean values are the two constant objects
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 and
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656. Chúng được sử dụng để biểu thị giá trị thật [mặc dù các giá trị khác cũng có thể được coi là sai hoặc đúng]. In numeric contexts [for example when used as the argument to an arithmetic operator], they behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. The built-in function
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6433 can be used to convert any value to a Boolean, if the value can be interpreted as a truth value [see section Truth Value Testing above].
Chúng được viết lần lượt là
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 638 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 656
Đối tượng bên trong¶
See The standard type hierarchy for this information. Nó mô tả các đối tượng khung ngăn xếp, đối tượng truy nguyên và đối tượng lát.
Thuộc tính đặc biệt¶
Việc triển khai thêm một vài thuộc tính chỉ đọc đặc biệt cho một số loại đối tượng, nơi chúng có liên quan. Some of these are not reported by the
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6436 built-in functionobject. __dict__ ¶
Từ điển hoặc đối tượng ánh xạ khác được sử dụng để lưu trữ các thuộc tính [có thể ghi] của đối tượng
ví dụ. __class__ ¶The class to which a class instance belongs
class. __bases__ ¶Bộ các lớp cơ sở của một đối tượng lớp
definition. __name__ ¶Tên của lớp, hàm, phương thức, bộ mô tả hoặc thể hiện của trình tạo
định nghĩa. __qualname__ ¶The qualified name of the class, function, method, descriptor, or generator instance.
New in version 3. 3
class. __mro__ ¶This attribute is a tuple of classes that are considered when looking for base classes during method resolution
class. mro[] ¶This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize the method resolution order for its instances. It is called at class instantiation, and its result is stored in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6437class. __subclasses__[] ¶
Each class keeps a list of weak references to its immediate subclasses. This method returns a list of all those references still alive. The list is in definition order. Example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 627
Giới hạn độ dài chuyển đổi chuỗi số nguyên¶
CPython có giới hạn toàn cầu cho việc chuyển đổi giữa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 để giảm thiểu các cuộc tấn công từ chối dịch vụ. Giới hạn này chỉ áp dụng cho cơ số thập phân hoặc cơ số không phải lũy thừa hai. Hexadecimal, octal, and binary conversions are unlimited. The limit can be configured
Loại ________ 6901 trong Python là một số có độ dài tùy ý được lưu trữ ở dạng nhị phân [thường được gọi là “bignum”]. Không tồn tại thuật toán nào có thể chuyển đổi một chuỗi thành một số nguyên nhị phân hoặc một số nguyên nhị phân thành một chuỗi trong thời gian tuyến tính, trừ khi cơ số là lũy thừa của 2. Even the best known algorithms for base 10 have sub-quadratic complexity. Chuyển đổi một giá trị lớn chẳng hạn như
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6441 có thể mất hơn một giây trên CPU nhanh
Limiting conversion size offers a practical way to avoid CVE-2020-10735
The limit is applied to the number of digit characters in the input or output string when a non-linear conversion algorithm would be involved. Underscores and the sign are not counted towards the limit
When an operation would exceed the limit, a
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6977 is raised
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 628
Giới hạn mặc định là 4300 chữ số như được cung cấp trong
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6443. The lowest limit that can be configured is 640 digits as provided in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6444
Verification
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 629
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 11
API bị ảnh hưởng¶
Giới hạn chỉ áp dụng cho các chuyển đổi có khả năng chậm giữa
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6901 và
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66422 hoặc
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66423
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
448 with default base 10def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
449 for all bases that are not a power of 2def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
450def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
451any other string conversion to base 10, for example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
452,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
453, ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
454
Các giới hạn không áp dụng cho các hàm có thuật toán tuyến tính
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
449 with base 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
456 anddef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
457def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
458,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
459,def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
460Format Specification Mini-Language for hex, octal, and binary numbers.
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6422 todef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
902def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
6422 todef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
908
Định cấu hình giới hạn¶
Before Python starts up you can use an environment variable or an interpreter command line flag to configure the limit
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
465, e. g.def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
466 to set the limit to 640 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
467 to disable the limitationdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
468, e. g.def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
469def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
470 contains the value ofdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
465 ordef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
468. Nếu cả tùy chọn env var và tùy chọndef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
473 được đặt, thì tùy chọndef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
473 sẽ được ưu tiên. A value of -1 indicates that both were unset, thus a value ofdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
443 was used during initialization
From code, you can inspect the current limit and set a new one using these
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6476 APIs
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
477 vàdef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
478 là một công cụ getter và setter cho giới hạn toàn phiên dịch. Subinterpreters have their own limit
Information about the default and minimum can be found in
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6479
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
443 là giới hạn mặc định được biên dịch sẵndef bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6
444 is the lowest accepted value for the limit [other than 0 which disables it]
Mới trong phiên bản 3. 11
Caution
Setting a low limit can lead to problems. Mặc dù hiếm gặp, mã tồn tại chứa các hằng số nguyên ở dạng thập phân trong nguồn của chúng vượt quá ngưỡng tối thiểu. A consequence of setting the limit is that Python source code containing decimal integer literals longer than the limit will encounter an error during parsing, usually at startup time or import time or even at installation time - anytime an up to date
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6482 does not already exist for the code. A workaround for source that contains such large constants is to convert them to
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 66312 hexadecimal form as it has no limit
Kiểm tra ứng dụng của bạn kỹ lưỡng nếu bạn sử dụng giới hạn thấp. Đảm bảo các thử nghiệm của bạn chạy với giới hạn được đặt sớm thông qua môi trường hoặc cờ để nó áp dụng trong quá trình khởi động và thậm chí trong bất kỳ bước cài đặt nào có thể gọi Python để biên dịch trước nguồn
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6484 thành tệp
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6482
Cấu hình đề xuất¶
The default
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6443 is expected to be reasonable for most applications. If your application requires a different limit, set it from your main entry point using Python version agnostic code as these APIs were added in security patch releases in versions before 3. 11
Example
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 630
Nếu bạn cần tắt hoàn toàn, hãy đặt thành
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 642
chú thích
1Thông tin bổ sung về các phương pháp đặc biệt này có thể được tìm thấy trong Hướng dẫn tham khảo Python [ Tùy chỉnh cơ bản ].
2Kết quả là, danh sách
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6488 được coi là bằng với
def bit_length[self]: s = bin[self] # binary representation: bin[-37] --> '-0b100101' s = s.lstrip['-0b'] # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len[s] # len['100101'] --> 6489 và tương tự đối với các bộ dữ liệu3
Chúng phải có vì trình phân tích cú pháp không thể cho biết loại toán hạng
4[1,2,3,4]Các ký tự viết hoa là những ký tự có thuộc tính danh mục chung là một trong số “Lu” [Chữ cái, chữ hoa], “Ll” [Chữ cái, chữ thường] hoặc “Lt” [Chữ cái, chữ hoa tiêu đề]
5[1,2]Do đó, để chỉ định dạng một bộ dữ liệu, bạn nên cung cấp một bộ dữ liệu đơn có phần tử duy nhất là bộ dữ liệu được định dạng
Có chức năng đảo ngược trong Python không?
Không có hàm tích hợp để đảo ngược chuỗi trong Python . Cách nhanh nhất [và dễ nhất?] là sử dụng một lát cắt bước lùi, -1.
Cắt lát ngược trong Python là gì?
Để đảo ngược danh sách trong Python, bạn có thể sử dụng phép cắt âm. Khi bạn muốn cắt toàn bộ danh sách, bạn có thể bỏ qua các giá trị bắt đầu và kết thúc hoàn toàn. Để đảo ngược quá trình cắt, hãy chỉ định giá trị bước âm. Vì bạn muốn bao gồm từng giá trị trong danh sách đảo ngược, kích thước bước phải là -1