How do the different types of neurons work together to send and receive signals quizlet?
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Terms in this set (55)Neuron A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system Stimulus A signal to which an organism responds Impulse A sudden, involuntary urge to do something Effector An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus Motor Neuron A neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react Interneuron A neuron that transmits impulses between neurons; especially as part of a reflex Sensory Neuron A neuron that transmits sensory information Dendrite A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body Cell Membrane The semiemperable membrane that encloses the neuron Cell Body The nucleus-containing central part of a neuron Axon The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells Axon Terminal The somewhat enlarged endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells Myelin Sheath The insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layers of myelin Nodes of Ranvier A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells
Synapse A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure Unipolar Neuron A unipolar neuron is a type of neuron in which only one protoplasmic process (neurite) extends from the cell body Bipolar Neuron A bipolar cell is a type of neuron which has two extensions, bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses Multipolar Neuron A type of neuron that possesses a single (usually long) axon and many dendrites Nucleus A nucleus is a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system Resting Potential The electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse Action Potential The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell Sodium Channel Integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions through a cell's plasma membrane Potassium or Sodium Ion An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. Potassium Channel Ion channels that are selective for passage of potassium ions through the pore Sodium-Potassium Pump What moves the two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane to reach homeostasis Depolarization Loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior Repolarization The change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential Vesicle A place that stores various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse Receptor A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli Second Messenger A molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination where an action within the cell is to take place Voluntary Action An anticipated goal-orientated movement Involuntary Action An action which occurs without the conscious choice of an organism Reflex Arc The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between Reaction Time The amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus Alzheimer's Disease A progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the central nervous system, leading to wasting of the muscles and paralysis Epilepsy A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain Huntington's Disease A hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia. Multiple Sclerosis A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue Parkinson's Disease A progressive disorder in which degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine occurs Neurologist A neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system How does communication happen with the body? An action potential sends through the dendrites down the axon of the neuron. From the axon it then travels to the axon terminal which leads to the synapse, the action potential travels over to the next neurons dendrites over the synaptic cleft. What's the basic structure and function of a neuron? Dendrites-what receive the signal Motor Neuron Interneuron Sensory Neuron How do different types of neurons work together to send and receive neurons? Afferent Neurons are sensory neurons (goes to
CNS) How are electrical impulses created in the human body? Na/K pump How do neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals? Electrical impulses send signals down the neuron and chemical impulses send the neurotransmitters as a signal between neurons What factors impact our ability to react to a stimulus? Exciting our sensory organs or muscular contraction How and why does reaction time differ in reflex and voluntary actions? In reflex actions, reaction time is quicker because your body doesn't send the signal all the way to your brain it just travels to your spinal cord and acts from that. When it's a voluntary action you have to send the signal all the way to your brain, it'll take a couple laps around your brain, and then it'll react based on that having a slower reaction time. How do errors in communication impact homeostasis in the human body? Well just like if you have multiple sclerosis, you cant get the signal, so balance in blood sugar could be off, and other things leading to other things, like kidney failure and heart attack Explain how neurons communicate at the synapse Dendrites receives an impulse - cell body - nucleus - axon covered in myelin (nodes of ranvier and schwann cells) - axon terminal - neurotransmitter sends the chemical message across the synapse to the next neuron's dendrites Identify and describe the role of the healthcare professionals who treat neurological patients Often they are the ones trying to balance out symptoms as most, if not all neurological diseases are uncurable Sets with similar termsHonors Anatomy ch. 947 terms cderrah28 2.2 electrical communication hbs61 terms CATHERINE_NADER Human Biology71 terms sizzling24 6.522 terms Viviana79 Sets found in the same folderHBS Final Review True or False19 terms leahre6 2.3 Key Terms9 terms brimyerss Pictures of joint movements20 terms yolanda_lucia_flores Kidney Functions9 terms meredith_miller_2019 Other sets by this creatorBecoming a Teacher Chapter 635 terms Tori_Neal1 "Iffy" - Subjuntivo10 terms Tori_Neal1 ESCAPA - Subjuntivo6 terms Tori_Neal1 AP Spanish Vocab108 terms Tori_Neal1 Verified questionsANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY What are the hydrogen bonds, and how are they important in the body? Verified answer
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How do the three types of neurons work together?The main types of neurons include motor neurons, which transmit information to our muscles, sensory neurons, which transmit information to enable our senses, and interneurons, which aid transmission between motor and sensory neurons.
How signals are sent and received between neurons and other cells?A neuron sending a signal (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter, which binds to a receptor on the surface of the receiving (i.e., postsynaptic) neuron. Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals, which may branch to communicate with several postsynaptic neurons.
How do neurons actually send messages to each other in order to communicate and transmit signals?The transfer of information from neuron to neuron takes place through the release of chemical substances into the space between the axon and the dendrites. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters, and the process is called neurotransmission. The space between the axon and the dendrites is called the synapse.
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