programming python

Python có không đồng bộ không?

Đánh dấu chức năng là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

1. Gọi họ bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2. Đột nhiên, chương trình của bạn trở nên không đồng bộ – nó có thể thực hiện những việc hữu ích trong khi chờ những việc khác, chẳng hạn như thao tác I/O, hoàn tất

Mã được viết theo kiểu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 trông giống như mã đồng bộ thông thường nhưng hoạt động rất khác. Để hiểu cách thức hoạt động của nó, người ta nên làm quen với nhiều khái niệm không tầm thường bao gồm đồng thời, song song, vòng lặp sự kiện, ghép kênh I/O, không đồng bộ, đa nhiệm hợp tác và coroutines. Việc triển khai Python của ________ 01/________ 02 thậm chí còn bổ sung thêm nhiều khái niệm vào danh sách này. trình tạo, coroutines dựa trên trình tạo, coroutines bản địa,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8. Vì sự phức tạp này, nhiều lập trình viên Python sử dụng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 không nhận ra nó thực sự hoạt động như thế nào. Tôi tin rằng nó không nên như vậy. Mẫu ________ 01/________ 02 có thể được giải thích một cách đơn giản nếu bạn bắt đầu từ đầu. Và đó là những gì chúng ta sẽ làm ngày hôm nay

Ghi chú. Trong bài viết này tôi đang đề cập đến CPython 3. 9. Một số chi tiết triển khai chắc chắn sẽ thay đổi khi CPython phát triển. Tôi sẽ cố gắng theo dõi những thay đổi quan trọng và thêm ghi chú cập nhật

Đó là tất cả về đồng thời

Máy tính thực hiện các chương trình một cách tuần tự – hết lệnh này đến lệnh khác. Nhưng một chương trình thông thường thực hiện nhiều nhiệm vụ và không phải lúc nào cũng nên đợi một số nhiệm vụ hoàn thành trước khi bắt đầu nhiệm vụ tiếp theo. Ví dụ: một chương trình cờ vua chờ người chơi thực hiện nước đi sẽ có thể cập nhật đồng hồ trong thời gian chờ đợi. Khả năng như vậy của một chương trình để xử lý nhiều thứ đồng thời là cái mà chúng ta gọi là đồng thời. Đồng thời không có nghĩa là nhiều tác vụ phải chạy cùng một lúc. Họ có thể chạy một cách xen kẽ. một tác vụ chạy trong một thời gian, sau đó tạm dừng và để các tác vụ khác chạy, hy vọng rằng nó sẽ có nhiều thời gian hơn trong tương lai. Theo cơ chế này, một hệ điều hành có thể chạy hàng nghìn tiến trình trên một cỗ máy chỉ có vài nhân. Nếu nhiều tác vụ chạy cùng một lúc, như trong trường hợp máy đa lõi hoặc cụm, thì chúng ta có song song, một trường hợp đặc biệt của đồng thời

Điều quan trọng là phải nhận ra rằng bạn có thể viết các chương trình đồng thời mà không cần bất kỳ hỗ trợ đặc biệt nào từ ngôn ngữ. Giả sử bạn viết một chương trình thực hiện hai tác vụ, mỗi tác vụ được biểu diễn bằng một hàm riêng biệt

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Nếu các tác vụ là độc lập, thì bạn có thể làm cho chương trình đồng thời bằng cách phân tách từng hàm thành nhiều hàm và gọi các hàm đã phân tách theo kiểu xen kẽ, như vậy

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Tất nhiên, đây là một ví dụ đơn giản hóa. Vấn đề ở đây là ngôn ngữ không quyết định bạn có thể viết các chương trình đồng thời hay không nhưng có thể cung cấp các tính năng giúp lập trình đồng thời thuận tiện hơn. Như chúng ta sẽ học hôm nay,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 chỉ là một tính năng như vậy

Để xem cách một người chuyển từ đồng thời sang

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2, chúng ta sẽ viết một chương trình đồng thời trong thế giới thực – một máy chủ TCP echo có nhiệm vụ xử lý đồng thời nhiều máy khách. Chúng ta sẽ bắt đầu với phiên bản tuần tự, đơn giản nhất của máy chủ không đồng thời. Sau đó, chúng tôi sẽ làm cho nó đồng thời bằng cách sử dụng các chuỗi hệ điều hành. Sau đó, chúng ta sẽ xem cách chúng ta có thể viết một phiên bản đồng thời chạy trong một luồng bằng cách sử dụng ghép kênh I/O và vòng lặp sự kiện. Từ thời điểm này trở đi, chúng ta sẽ phát triển cách tiếp cận đơn luồng bằng cách giới thiệu các trình tạo, coroutines và cuối cùng là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Máy chủ tuần tự

Viết một máy chủ TCP echo chỉ xử lý một máy khách tại một thời điểm rất đơn giản. Máy chủ lắng nghe các kết nối đến trên một số cổng và khi máy khách kết nối, máy chủ sẽ nói chuyện với máy khách cho đến khi kết nối bị đóng. Sau đó, nó tiếp tục lắng nghe các kết nối mới. Logic này có thể được thực hiện bằng lập trình ổ cắm cơ bản

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Dành thời gian để nghiên cứu mã này. Chúng tôi sẽ sử dụng nó làm khung cho các phiên bản tiếp theo, đồng thời của máy chủ. Nếu bạn cần lời nhắc về ổ cắm, hãy xem Hướng dẫn lập trình mạng của Beej và tài liệu về mô-đun

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

19. Tóm lại những gì chúng tôi làm ở đây là

tạo một ổ cắm TCP/IP mới với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

liên kết ổ cắm với một địa chỉ và một cổng bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

đánh dấu ổ cắm là ổ cắm "nghe" với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

chấp nhận các kết nối mới với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

đọc dữ liệu từ máy khách bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

24 và gửi dữ liệu lại cho máy khách bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Phiên bản máy chủ này không đồng thời theo thiết kế. Khi nhiều máy khách cố gắng kết nối với máy chủ cùng một lúc, một máy khách sẽ kết nối và sử dụng máy chủ, trong khi các máy khách khác đợi cho đến khi máy khách hiện tại ngắt kết nối. Tôi đã viết một chương trình mô phỏng đơn giản để chứng minh điều này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Các máy khách kết nối, gửi hai tin nhắn giống nhau và ngắt kết nối. Phải mất nửa giây để khách hàng nhập tin nhắn và do đó, máy chủ sẽ mất khoảng ba giây để phục vụ tất cả khách hàng. Tuy nhiên, một máy khách chậm có thể khiến máy chủ không khả dụng trong một thời gian dài tùy ý. Chúng ta thực sự nên làm cho máy chủ đồng thời

chủ đề hệ điều hành

Cách dễ nhất để làm cho máy chủ đồng thời là sử dụng các chuỗi hệ điều hành. Chúng ta chỉ chạy hàm

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

26 trong một luồng riêng biệt thay vì gọi nó trong luồng chính và giữ nguyên phần còn lại của mã

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Bây giờ nhiều khách hàng có thể nói chuyện với máy chủ cùng một lúc

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Cách tiếp cận một luồng cho mỗi khách hàng rất dễ thực hiện, nhưng nó không mở rộng tốt. Các luồng hệ điều hành là một tài nguyên đắt tiền về bộ nhớ, vì vậy bạn không thể có quá nhiều trong số chúng. Ví dụ: máy Linux phục vụ trang web này có khả năng chạy tối đa khoảng 8 nghìn luồng, mặc dù ít luồng hơn cũng có thể đủ để làm hỏng nó. Với cách tiếp cận này, máy chủ không chỉ hoạt động kém dưới khối lượng công việc lớn mà còn trở thành mục tiêu dễ dàng cho một cuộc tấn công DoS

Nhóm luồng giải quyết vấn đề tạo luồng không được kiểm soát. Thay vì gửi từng tác vụ tới một luồng riêng biệt, chúng tôi gửi các tác vụ tới một hàng đợi và để một nhóm các luồng, được gọi là nhóm luồng, nhận và xử lý các tác vụ từ hàng đợi. Chúng tôi xác định trước số lượng luồng tối đa trong nhóm luồng, vì vậy máy chủ không thể khởi động quá nhiều luồng. Đây là cách chúng ta có thể viết phiên bản nhóm luồng của máy chủ bằng mô-đun chuẩn Python

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Cách tiếp cận nhóm luồng vừa đơn giản vừa thiết thực. Tuy nhiên, xin lưu ý rằng bạn vẫn cần phải làm gì đó để ngăn các máy khách chạy chậm chiếm nhóm luồng. Bạn có thể loại bỏ các kết nối lâu dài, yêu cầu máy khách duy trì một số tốc độ thông lượng tối thiểu, để các luồng trả tác vụ về hàng đợi hoặc kết hợp bất kỳ phương pháp nào được đề xuất. Kết luận ở đây là việc làm cho máy chủ đồng thời sử dụng các luồng hệ điều hành không đơn giản như lúc đầu và rất đáng để khám phá các cách tiếp cận khác đối với đồng thời

Ghép kênh I/O và vòng lặp sự kiện

Hãy nghĩ lại về máy chủ tuần tự. Một máy chủ như vậy luôn đợi một số sự kiện cụ thể xảy ra. Khi nó không có máy khách nào được kết nối, nó sẽ đợi một máy khách mới kết nối. Khi nó có một máy khách được kết nối, nó sẽ đợi máy khách này gửi một số dữ liệu. Tuy nhiên, để hoạt động đồng thời, thay vào đó, máy chủ phải có khả năng xử lý bất kỳ sự kiện nào xảy ra tiếp theo. Nếu máy khách hiện tại không gửi bất cứ thứ gì, nhưng một máy khách mới cố gắng kết nối, thì máy chủ sẽ chấp nhận kết nối mới. Nó sẽ duy trì nhiều kết nối đang hoạt động và trả lời bất kỳ máy khách nào gửi dữ liệu tiếp theo

Nhưng làm thế nào máy chủ có thể biết nó sẽ xử lý sự kiện nào tiếp theo? . Vì vậy, nếu máy chủ quyết định gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

28, nó sẽ chặn cho đến khi máy khách mới kết nối và sẽ không thể gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

29 trên ổ cắm máy khách trong thời gian chờ đợi. Chúng tôi có thể giải quyết vấn đề này bằng cách đặt thời gian chờ khi chặn hoạt động của ổ cắm với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

53 hoặc bằng cách chuyển ổ cắm sang chế độ không chặn hoàn toàn với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

54. Sau đó, chúng tôi có thể duy trì một tập hợp các ổ cắm đang hoạt động và đối với mỗi ổ cắm, hãy gọi phương thức ổ cắm tương ứng trong một vòng lặp vô hạn. Vì vậy, chúng tôi sẽ gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

28 trên ổ cắm lắng nghe các kết nối mới và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

29 trên ổ cắm chờ máy khách gửi dữ liệu

Vấn đề với cách tiếp cận được mô tả là không rõ cách thực hiện bỏ phiếu đúng. Nếu chúng tôi làm cho tất cả các ổ cắm không bị chặn hoặc đặt thời gian chờ quá ngắn, máy chủ sẽ thực hiện cuộc gọi mọi lúc và tiêu tốn rất nhiều CPU. Ngược lại, nếu chúng ta đặt thời gian chờ quá lâu, máy chủ sẽ phản hồi chậm

Cách tiếp cận tốt hơn là hỏi hệ điều hành ổ cắm nào đã sẵn sàng để đọc và ghi. Rõ ràng, hệ điều hành có thông tin này. Khi một gói mới đến trên giao diện mạng, HĐH sẽ được thông báo, giải mã gói, xác định ổ cắm mà gói thuộc về và đánh thức các quy trình thực hiện chặn đọc trên ổ cắm đó. Nhưng một quy trình không cần đọc từ ổ cắm để nhận thông báo. Nó có thể sử dụng cơ chế ghép kênh I/O chẳng hạn như

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

57,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

58 hoặc

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

59 để báo cho HĐH biết rằng nó quan tâm đến việc đọc hoặc ghi vào một ổ cắm nào đó. Khi ổ cắm sẵn sàng, HĐH cũng sẽ đánh thức các quy trình đó

Mô-đun

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

50 tiêu chuẩn của Python bao bọc các cơ chế ghép kênh I/O khác nhau có sẵn trên hệ thống và hiển thị từng cơ chế đó thông qua cùng một API cấp cao được gọi là bộ chọn. Vì vậy, nó cho thấy

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

57 là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

52 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

59 là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

54. Nó cũng cho thấy cơ chế hiệu quả nhất hiện có trên hệ thống là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Để tôi chỉ cho bạn cách bạn phải sử dụng mô-đun

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

50. Trước tiên, bạn tạo một đối tượng bộ chọn

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Sau đó, bạn đăng ký một ổ cắm mà bạn muốn theo dõi. Bạn chuyển ổ cắm, các loại sự kiện mà bạn quan tâm [ổ cắm sẵn sàng để đọc hoặc ghi] và mọi dữ liệu phụ trợ cho phương thức của bộ chọn

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Cuối cùng, bạn gọi phương thức của bộ chọn

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Cuộc gọi này trả về một danh sách các bộ dữ liệu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

59. Mỗi bộ dữ liệu mô tả một ổ cắm sẵn sàng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

300 là một đối tượng lưu trữ ổ cắm [

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

301] và dữ liệu phụ trợ được liên kết với ổ cắm [

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

302]

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

303 là một bitmask của các sự kiện đã sẵn sàng trên ổ cắm [

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

304 hoặc

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

305 hoặc cả hai]

Nếu có ổ cắm sẵn sàng khi bạn gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

57, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

57 sẽ trả về ngay lập tức. Nếu không, nó sẽ chặn cho đến khi một số ổ cắm đã đăng ký sẵn sàng. Hệ điều hành sẽ thông báo cho

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

57 vì nó thông báo các phương thức chặn ổ cắm như

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Khi bạn không còn cần theo dõi một số ổ cắm, bạn chỉ cần chuyển nó sang phương thức của bộ chọn

Một câu hỏi vẫn còn. Chúng ta nên làm gì với một ổ cắm đã sẵn sàng? . Nhân tiện, đó là tham số dữ liệu phụ trợ của phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

57 của bộ chọn dùng để làm gì

Bây giờ chúng tôi đã sẵn sàng triển khai phiên bản đồng thời một luồng của máy chủ bằng cách sử dụng ghép kênh I/O

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Ở đây, trước tiên chúng tôi đăng ký một cuộc gọi lại

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

28 trên ổ cắm nghe. Cuộc gọi lại này chấp nhận các máy khách mới và đăng ký một cuộc gọi lại

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

313 trên mọi ổ cắm máy khách. Cốt lõi của chương trình là vòng lặp sự kiện – một vòng lặp vô hạn mà trên mỗi lần lặp sẽ chọn các socket sẵn sàng và gọi các lệnh gọi lại đã đăng ký tương ứng

Phiên bản vòng lặp sự kiện của máy chủ xử lý nhiều máy khách hoàn toàn tốt. Nhược điểm chính của nó so với các phiên bản đa luồng là mã được cấu trúc theo cách kỳ lạ, tập trung vào gọi lại. Mã trong ví dụ của chúng tôi trông không tệ lắm, nhưng điều này một phần là do chúng tôi không xử lý mọi thứ đúng cách. Ví dụ: ghi vào ổ cắm có thể bị chặn nếu hàng đợi ghi đầy, vì vậy chúng ta cũng nên kiểm tra xem ổ cắm đã sẵn sàng để ghi chưa trước khi gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

25. Điều này có nghĩa là chức năng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

313 phải được phân tách thành hai chức năng và một trong các chức năng này phải được đăng ký dưới dạng gọi lại tại bất kỳ thời điểm nào tùy thuộc vào trạng thái của máy chủ. Vấn đề sẽ còn rõ ràng hơn nếu triển khai thứ gì đó phức tạp hơn giao thức tiếng vang nguyên thủy

Các luồng hệ điều hành không áp đặt lập trình kiểu gọi lại cho chúng tôi, nhưng chúng cung cấp đồng thời. Làm thế nào để họ làm điều đó? . Nếu chúng ta có các chức năng có thể bị treo và tiếp tục như các chuỗi hệ điều hành, chúng ta có thể viết mã đơn luồng đồng thời. Đoán xem?

Chức năng máy phát điện và máy phát điện

Hàm tạo là một hàm có một hoặc nhiều biểu thức trong phần thân của nó, như biểu thức này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Khi bạn gọi một hàm tạo, Python không chạy mã của hàm như đối với các hàm thông thường mà trả về một đối tượng trình tạo hoặc đơn giản là một trình tạo

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Để thực sự chạy mã, bạn chuyển trình tạo cho hàm tích hợp. Hàm này gọi phương thức của trình tạo chạy trình tạo tới biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 đầu tiên, tại thời điểm đó, hàm này tạm dừng thực thi và trả về đối số của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7. Gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317 lần thứ hai tiếp tục trình tạo từ điểm mà nó bị treo, chạy nó đến biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 tiếp theo và trả về đối số của nó

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Khi không còn biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 nào nữa, việc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317 sẽ tạo ra một ngoại lệ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

325

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Nếu trình tạo trả về một cái gì đó, thì ngoại lệ sẽ giữ giá trị được trả về

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Ban đầu, các trình tạo được giới thiệu với Python như một cách khác để viết các trình vòng lặp. Nhớ lại rằng trong Python, một đối tượng có thể được lặp đi lặp lại [như với vòng lặp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

326] được gọi là một đối tượng có thể lặp lại. Một iterable thực hiện phương thức đặc biệt trả về một iterator. Đến lượt nó, một iterator thực hiện trả về giá trị tiếp theo mỗi khi bạn gọi nó. Bạn có thể lấy các giá trị bằng cách gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317, nhưng bạn thường lặp lại chúng bằng vòng lặp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

326

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Iterators có thể được lặp đi lặp lại vì chúng cũng là iterables. Mỗi iterator triển khai trả về chính iterator đó

Trình tạo cho phép chúng tôi viết các trình vòng lặp dưới dạng các hàm có giá trị

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 thay vì xác định các lớp bằng các phương thức đặc biệt. Python điền vào các phương thức đặc biệt cho chúng tôi để trình tạo tự động trở thành trình vòng lặp

Trình tạo tạo ra các giá trị theo cách lười biếng, theo yêu cầu, vì vậy chúng tiết kiệm bộ nhớ và thậm chí có thể được sử dụng để tạo các chuỗi vô hạn. Xem PEP 255 để tìm hiểu thêm về các trường hợp sử dụng như vậy. Tuy nhiên, chúng tôi muốn sử dụng máy phát điện vì một lý do hoàn toàn khác. Điều quan trọng đối với chúng tôi không phải là các giá trị mà trình tạo tạo ra mà là thực tế là nó có thể bị treo và tiếp tục

Máy phát điện như coroutines

Lấy bất kỳ chương trình nào thực hiện nhiều tác vụ. Biến các hàm đại diện cho các tác vụ này thành trình tạo bằng cách chèn một vài câu lệnh

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 vào đây và ở đó. Sau đó chạy các máy phát điện theo kiểu vòng tròn. gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317 trên mọi trình tạo theo một số thứ tự cố định và lặp lại bước này cho đến khi tất cả các trình tạo đều cạn kiệt. Bạn sẽ nhận được một chương trình đồng thời chạy như thế này

Hãy áp dụng chiến lược này cho máy chủ tuần tự để làm cho nó đồng thời. Đầu tiên chúng ta cần chèn một số câu lệnh

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7. Tôi đề nghị chèn chúng trước mỗi thao tác chặn. Sau đó, chúng ta cần chạy máy phát điện. Tôi đề nghị viết một lớp thực hiện điều này. Lớp phải cung cấp phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

336 để thêm một trình tạo vào hàng đợi các trình tạo theo lịch trình [hoặc đơn giản là các tác vụ] và phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

337 để chạy các tác vụ theo vòng lặp theo kiểu vòng tròn. Chúng ta sẽ gọi lớp này là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

338 vì nó hoạt động giống như một vòng lặp sự kiện ngoại trừ việc nó không thực hiện ghép kênh I/O. Đây là mã máy chủ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Và đây là mã vòng lặp sự kiện

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Điều này được tính là một máy chủ đồng thời. Tuy nhiên, bạn có thể nhận thấy rằng nó có một vấn đề. đồng thời của nó là rất hạn chế. Các tác vụ chạy theo cách xen kẽ, nhưng thứ tự của chúng là cố định. Ví dụ: nếu tác vụ hiện được lên lịch là tác vụ chấp nhận các kết nối mới, thì các tác vụ xử lý các máy khách đã kết nối phải đợi cho đến khi một máy khách mới kết nối

Một cách khác để diễn đạt vấn đề này là nói rằng vòng lặp sự kiện không kiểm tra xem các hoạt động của ổ cắm có bị chặn hay không. Như chúng ta đã biết, chúng ta có thể khắc phục bằng cách thêm ghép kênh I/O. Thay vì lên lịch lại cho một tác vụ ngay sau khi chạy nó, vòng lặp sự kiện sẽ chỉ lên lịch lại cho tác vụ khi ổ cắm mà tác vụ đang chờ có sẵn để đọc [hoặc viết]. Một tác vụ có thể đăng ký ý định đọc từ hoặc ghi vào ổ cắm bằng cách gọi một số phương thức vòng lặp sự kiện. Hoặc nó chỉ có thể

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 thông tin này vào vòng lặp sự kiện. Đây là phiên bản của máy chủ áp dụng cách tiếp cận thứ hai

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Và đây là vòng lặp sự kiện mới thực hiện ghép kênh I/O

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Chúng ta nhận được gì từ nó?

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Thứ hai, chúng tôi nhận được mã trông giống như mã tuần tự thông thường. Tất nhiên, chúng tôi phải viết vòng lặp sự kiện, nhưng đây không phải là điều bạn thường tự làm. Các vòng lặp sự kiện đi kèm với các thư viện và trong Python, rất có thể bạn sẽ sử dụng một vòng lặp sự kiện đi kèm với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340

Khi bạn sử dụng các trình tạo cho đa nhiệm, như chúng ta đã làm trong phần này, bạn thường gọi chúng là các coroutine. Coroutines là các chức năng có thể bị đình chỉ bằng cách mang lại quyền kiểm soát một cách rõ ràng. Vì vậy, theo định nghĩa này, các trình tạo đơn giản có biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 có thể được tính là coroutine. Tuy nhiên, một coroutine thực sự cũng có thể nhường quyền điều khiển cho các coroutine khác bằng cách gọi chúng, nhưng các trình tạo chỉ có thể nhường quyền kiểm soát cho người gọi

Chúng ta sẽ thấy lý do tại sao chúng ta cần các coroutine thực sự nếu cố gắng đưa mã của trình tạo nào đó vào một trình tạo con. Hãy xem xét hai dòng mã này của trình tạo

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Sẽ rất hữu ích nếu gộp chúng thành một chức năng riêng biệt

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

và sau đó gọi hàm như thế này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Nhưng nó sẽ không hoạt động. Hàm

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

343 trả về một trình tạo, không phải dữ liệu. Vì vậy, bộ tạo

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

26 phải chạy bộ tạo con

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

343 với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317. Tuy nhiên, nó không thể tiếp tục gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317 cho đến khi máy phát điện phụ cạn kiệt. Trình tạo con mang lại các giá trị cho vòng lặp sự kiện, vì vậy

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

26 phải cung cấp lại chúng. Nó cũng phải xử lý ngoại lệ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

325 và trích xuất kết quả. Rõ ràng, khối lượng công việc mà nó phải làm vượt quá tất cả những lợi ích của việc phân tích hai dòng mã.

Python đã thực hiện một số nỗ lực để giải quyết vấn đề này. Đầu tiên, PEP 342 đã giới thiệu các trình tạo nâng cao trong Python 2. 5. Trình tạo có phương thức hoạt động như

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

318 nhưng cũng gửi một giá trị cho trình tạo. Giá trị trở thành giá trị của biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 mà trình tạo bị treo trên đó

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

318 của trình tạo đơn giản trở thành cách viết tắt của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

354

Trình tạo cũng có phương thức chạy trình tạo như

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 hoặc

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

318 nhưng cũng đưa ra một ngoại lệ được chỉ định tại điểm treo và phương thức đưa ra một ngoại lệ

Đây là cách cải tiến này giải quyết vấn đề máy phát điện phụ. Thay vì chạy một bộ tạo con tại chỗ, giờ đây một bộ tạo có thể

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 nó vào vòng lặp sự kiện và vòng lặp sự kiện sẽ chạy bộ tạo con và sau đó

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 kết quả trở lại bộ tạo [hoặc ném một ngoại lệ vào bộ tạo nếu bộ tạo phụ đưa ra một ngoại lệ]. Máy phát điện sẽ gọi máy phát điện phụ như thế này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Và cuộc gọi này sẽ hoạt động giống như khi một coroutine gọi một coroutine khác

Giải pháp này yêu cầu một số logic không tầm thường trong vòng lặp sự kiện và bạn có thể thấy khó hiểu. Đừng lo. bạn không cần phải. PEP 380 đã giới thiệu một giải pháp trực quan hơn nhiều để triển khai coroutines trong Python 3. 3

năng suất từ

Có thể bạn đã sử dụng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 để tạo ra các giá trị từ một lần lặp. Vì vậy, bạn nên biết rằng tuyên bố này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

hoạt động như một tốc ký cho đoạn mã này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Nhưng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 còn làm được nhiều hơn thế khi bạn sử dụng nó với máy phát điện. Nó thực hiện chính xác những gì một máy phát điện phải làm để chạy một máy phát điện phụ tại chỗ, và đó là lý do tại sao chúng ta đang thảo luận về nó. Các bước chính của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 là

Chạy máy phát điện phụ một lần với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

354. Nếu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 tăng ngoại lệ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

325, hãy bắt ngoại lệ, trích xuất kết quả, biến nó thành giá trị của biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 và dừng

Nếu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 của subgenerator trả về một giá trị mà không có ngoại lệ, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 giá trị đó và nhận một giá trị được gửi đến generator

Khi nhận được một giá trị, hãy lặp lại bước 1 nhưng lần này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 giá trị nhận được

Thuật toán này yêu cầu một số công phu. Đầu tiên,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 tự động lan truyền các ngoại lệ được ném bằng cách gọi các phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

355 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

358 của trình tạo vào trình tạo con. Việc thực hiện các phương pháp này đảm bảo điều này. Thứ hai,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 áp dụng thuật toán tương tự cho các lần lặp không có trình tạo ngoại trừ việc nó nhận một trình vòng lặp có tên là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

376 và sau đó sử dụng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

318 thay vì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 để chạy trình vòng lặp

Đây là cách bạn có thể nhớ những gì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 làm. nó làm cho máy phát điện phụ hoạt động như thể mã của máy phát điện phụ là một phần của máy phát điện. Vì vậy, cuộc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

hoạt động như thể cuộc gọi đã được thay thế bằng mã của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

343. Điều này cũng được tính là một cuộc gọi coroutine và trái ngược với giải pháp dựa trên

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 trước đó, logic vòng lặp sự kiện vẫn giữ nguyên

Bây giờ chúng ta hãy tận dụng lợi thế của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 để làm cho mã của máy chủ ngắn gọn hơn. Trước tiên, chúng tôi đưa ra mọi câu lệnh soạn sẵn

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 và hoạt động của ổ cắm sau đây cho một hàm tạo riêng biệt. Chúng tôi đặt các chức năng này trong vòng lặp sự kiện

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Sau đó, chúng tôi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 trình tạo trong mã của máy chủ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Và đó là nó. Trình tạo,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 là tất cả những gì chúng ta cần để triển khai các coroutine và các coroutine cho phép chúng ta viết mã không đồng bộ, đồng thời trông giống như mã tuần tự thông thường. Thế còn

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 thì sao?

không đồng bộ/chờ đợi

Khi bạn nhìn thấy một hàm tạo, không phải lúc nào bạn cũng có thể nói ngay rằng nó được sử dụng như một trình tạo thông thường hay như một coroutine. Trong cả hai trường hợp, hàm trông giống như bất kỳ hàm nào khác được xác định bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

390 và chứa một loạt các biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8. Vì vậy, để làm cho các coroutines trở thành một khái niệm khác biệt, PEP 492 đã giới thiệu các từ khóa

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

1 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 trong Python 3. 5

Bạn định nghĩa một hàm coroutine gốc bằng cú pháp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

395

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Khi bạn gọi một hàm như vậy, nó sẽ trả về một đối tượng coroutine gốc hoặc đơn giản là một coroutine gốc. Một coroutine bản địa khá giống với một trình tạo ngoại trừ việc nó có một loại khác và không triển khai

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

318. Các vòng lặp sự kiện gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

354 để chạy các coroutine bản địa

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Các coroutine gốc có thể gọi cho nhau bằng từ khóa

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Từ khóa

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 thực hiện chính xác những gì mà

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 thực hiện nhưng đối với các coroutine bản địa. Trên thực tế,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 được triển khai dưới dạng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 với một số kiểm tra bổ sung để đảm bảo rằng đối tượng đang được chờ đợi không phải là trình tạo hoặc một số trình lặp khác

Khi bạn sử dụng các trình tạo làm coroutine, bạn phải kết thúc mọi chuỗi cuộc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 bằng một trình tạo thực hiện

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7. Tương tự, bạn phải kết thúc mọi chuỗi cuộc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 bằng biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7. Tuy nhiên, nếu bạn cố gắng sử dụng một biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 trong một hàm

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

395, những gì bạn sẽ nhận được không phải là một coroutine gốc mà là một thứ gọi là trình tạo không đồng bộ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Chúng tôi sẽ không dành thời gian cho các trình tạo không đồng bộ ở đây, nhưng tóm lại, chúng triển khai phiên bản không đồng bộ của giao thức lặp. và các phương pháp đặc biệt [xem PEP 525 để tìm hiểu thêm]. Điều quan trọng đối với chúng tôi lúc này là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

010 có thể chờ được, trong khi bản thân các trình tạo không đồng bộ thì không. Do đó, chúng ta không thể kết thúc chuỗi cuộc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 bằng hàm

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

395 chứa

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7. Chúng ta nên kết thúc chuỗi bằng gì?

Đầu tiên, chúng ta có thể viết một hàm tạo thông thường và trang trí nó bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

015. Trình trang trí này đặt một cờ đặc biệt trên hàm đằng sau trình tạo để trình tạo có thể được sử dụng trong biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 giống như một coroutine gốc

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Trình tạo được trang trí bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

015 được gọi là coroutine dựa trên trình tạo. Tại sao chúng ta cần coroutines như vậy? . Trình trang trí

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

015 nói rõ ràng rằng trình tạo là một quy trình đăng quang

Là tùy chọn thứ hai, chúng ta có thể làm cho bất kỳ đối tượng nào có thể chờ được bằng cách xác định phương thức đặc biệt. Khi chúng tôi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 trên một số đối tượng, trước tiên,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 sẽ kiểm tra xem đối tượng đó là một quy trình đăng ký gốc hay một quy trình đăng ký dựa trên trình tạo, trong trường hợp đó, nó "mang lại lợi nhuận từ" quy trình đăng ký. Mặt khác, nó "thu được từ" trình vòng lặp được trả về bởi phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

020 của đối tượng. Vì bất kỳ trình tạo nào cũng là trình vòng lặp, nên

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

020 có thể là hàm tạo thông thường

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Bây giờ chúng ta hãy viết phiên bản cuối cùng của máy chủ bằng cách sử dụng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2. Trước tiên, chúng tôi đánh dấu các chức năng của máy chủ là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

1 và thay đổi cuộc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 thành cuộc gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Sau đó, chúng tôi sửa đổi vòng lặp sự kiện. Chúng tôi trang trí các chức năng của trình tạo với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

015 để chúng có thể được sử dụng với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 và chạy các tác vụ bằng cách gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

354 thay vì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

317

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Và chúng tôi đã hoàn thành. Chúng tôi đã triển khai máy chủ đồng thời dựa trên

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 từ đầu. Nó hoạt động chính xác như phiên bản trước của máy chủ dựa trên

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 và chỉ có một chút khác biệt về cú pháp

Đến bây giờ, bạn đã hiểu rõ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 là gì. Nhưng bạn cũng nên đặt câu hỏi về chi tiết triển khai của trình tạo, coroutines,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2. Chúng tôi sẽ đề cập đến tất cả những điều đó trong phần tiếp theo

Cách trình tạo và coroutines được triển khai *

Nếu bạn đã theo dõi loạt bài này, bạn sẽ biết Python thực hiện các trình tạo một cách hiệu quả như thế nào. Đầu tiên hãy nhớ lại rằng trình biên dịch tạo một đối tượng mã cho mọi khối mã mà nó gặp phải, trong đó một khối mã có thể là một mô-đun, một hàm hoặc một thân lớp. Một đối tượng mã mô tả chức năng của khối mã. Nó chứa mã byte, hằng số, tên biến và các thông tin liên quan khác của khối. Hàm là một đối tượng lưu trữ đối tượng mã của hàm và những thứ như tên hàm, đối số mặc định và thuộc tính

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

042

Hàm tạo là một hàm thông thường có đối tượng mã có bộ cờ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

043. Khi bạn gọi một hàm trình tạo, Python sẽ kiểm tra cờ này và nếu nó thấy cờ, nó sẽ trả về một đối tượng trình tạo thay vì thực thi hàm. Tương tự, một hàm coroutine gốc là một hàm thông thường có đối tượng mã có một bộ cờ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

044. Python cũng kiểm tra cờ này và trả về một đối tượng coroutine gốc nếu nó nhìn thấy cờ

Để thực thi một chức năng, đầu tiên Python tạo một khung cho nó và sau đó thực thi khung. Khung là một đối tượng nắm bắt trạng thái thực thi đối tượng mã. Nó lưu trữ chính đối tượng mã cũng như các giá trị của biến cục bộ, tham chiếu đến từ điển của biến toàn cục và biến tích hợp, ngăn xếp giá trị, con trỏ lệnh, v.v.

Một đối tượng trình tạo lưu trữ khung được tạo cho chức năng trình tạo và một số dữ liệu tiện ích như tên của trình tạo và cờ cho biết trình tạo hiện đang chạy hay không. Phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 của trình tạo thực thi khung của trình tạo giống như Python thực thi các khung của các hàm thông thường – nó gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

046 để vào vòng đánh giá. Vòng lặp đánh giá lặp lại từng hướng dẫn mã byte và thực hiện bất cứ điều gì hướng dẫn yêu cầu nó thực hiện. Sự khác biệt duy nhất nhưng quan trọng giữa việc gọi hàm và chạy trình tạo là mỗi khi bạn gọi hàm, Python sẽ tạo một khung mới cho nó, trong khi trình tạo giữ nguyên khung đó giữa các lần chạy, do đó giữ nguyên trạng thái

Python thực thi các biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 như thế nào? . Mỗi khi trình biên dịch gặp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7, nó sẽ phát ra lệnh bytecode

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

049. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng mô-đun tiêu chuẩn để kiểm tra điều này

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

049 yêu cầu vòng đánh giá ngừng thực thi khung và trả về giá trị ở trên cùng của ngăn xếp [trong trường hợp của chúng tôi là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350]. Nó hoạt động giống như một lệnh

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

053 được tạo ra cho một câu lệnh

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

054 với một ngoại lệ. Nó đặt trường

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

055 của khung lên trên cùng của ngăn xếp, trong khi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

053 để lại

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

055 được đặt thành

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

058. Theo cơ chế này,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 hiểu liệu trình tạo có mang lại hay trả về giá trị. Trong trường hợp đầu tiên,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 chỉ cần trả về giá trị. Trong trường hợp thứ hai, nó đưa ra một ngoại lệ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

325 chứa giá trị

Khi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 thực thi một khung lần đầu tiên, nó không thực sự gửi đối số được cung cấp tới trình tạo. Nhưng nó đảm bảo rằng đối số là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

063 để giá trị có ý nghĩa không bao giờ bị bỏ qua

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Trong các lần chạy tiếp theo,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 đẩy đối số lên ngăn xếp. Đối số sau đó được gán cho một biến bởi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

065 [hoặc hướng dẫn tương tự] hoặc chỉ xuất hiện bởi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

066 nếu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 không nhận được giá trị. Nếu trước đây bạn không thể nhớ liệu máy phát điện đầu tiên sinh hay nhận, thì bây giờ bạn nên nhớ. đầu tiên là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

049, sau đó là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

065

Trình biên dịch phát ra các lệnh

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

070,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

071 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072 khi nó gặp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Công việc của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

070 là đảm bảo rằng đối tượng được tạo ra, là giá trị ở trên cùng của ngăn xếp, là một trình vòng lặp. Nếu đối tượng là một trình tạo, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

070 sẽ để nguyên như vậy. Mặt khác,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

070 thay thế đối tượng bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

077

Điều đầu tiên mà

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072 làm là bật một giá trị từ ngăn xếp. Thông thường, giá trị này là giá trị được đẩy bởi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350. Nhưng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 không đẩy gì trong lần chạy đầu tiên, vì vậy trình biên dịch phát ra lệnh

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

071 đẩy

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

063 trước

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072

Điều thứ hai mà

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072 thực hiện là nhìn trộm đối tượng để mang lại lợi nhuận từ. Nếu giá trị cần gửi là ________ 2063, thì ____ 2072 gọi ____ 2087. Nếu không, nó sẽ gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

088. Nếu cuộc gọi đưa ra một ngoại lệ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

325, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072 sẽ xử lý ngoại lệ đó. nó thay thế đối tượng ở trên cùng của ngăn xếp [i. e. đối tượng để mang lại] với kết quả và quá trình thực thi khung tiếp tục. Nếu cuộc gọi trả về một giá trị không có ngoại lệ, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072 sẽ dừng thực thi khung và trả về giá trị cho

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350. Trong trường hợp sau, nó cũng đặt con trỏ lệnh theo cách sao cho lần thực hiện tiếp theo của khung bắt đầu lại với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

072. Điều sẽ khác trong các lần chạy tiếp theo là trạng thái của đối tượng được tạo ra và giá trị được gửi

Một coroutine riêng về cơ bản là một đối tượng trình tạo có kiểu khác. Sự khác biệt giữa các loại là loại

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

094 triển khai

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

327 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

318, trong khi loại

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

097 triển khai

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

020. Việc thực hiện

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

350 là như nhau

Trình biên dịch phát ra cùng một hướng dẫn mã byte cho biểu thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 như đối với

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 ngoại trừ thay vì hướng dẫn

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

070, nó phát ra

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

803

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

803 kiểm tra xem đối tượng được tạo ra là một coroutine gốc hay một coroutine dựa trên trình tạo, trong trường hợp đó, nó sẽ để nguyên đối tượng. Nếu không, nó sẽ thay thế đối tượng bằng

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

805

Về cơ bản, đó là cách máy phát điện và coroutines hoạt động. Nếu bạn vẫn còn thắc mắc, tôi khuyên bạn nên nghiên cứu mã nguồn CPython. Xem

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

806 để biết định nghĩa đối tượng mã,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

807 để biết định nghĩa đối tượng hàm và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

808 để biết định nghĩa khung. Xem

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

809 để tìm hiểu thêm về trình tạo và coroutine, đồng thời xem

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

810 để tìm hiểu những hướng dẫn mã byte khác nhau thực hiện

Chúng tôi đã tìm ra cách thức hoạt động của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2, nhưng chúng tôi cũng cần một vòng lặp sự kiện để chạy các chương trình

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2. Bạn không thể viết các vòng lặp sự kiện của riêng mình như chúng tôi đã làm trong bài đăng này vì điều đó còn rất nhiều việc phải làm. Thay vào đó, những gì bạn thường làm là sử dụng một số thư viện vòng lặp sự kiện. Vì vậy, trước khi chúng tôi kết thúc bài đăng này, hãy để tôi nói vài lời về thư viện mà bạn có nhiều khả năng sử dụng nhất

không đồng bộ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340 đến với thư viện chuẩn Python cùng thời điểm

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 được giới thiệu [xem PEP 3156]. Nó làm được rất nhiều thứ, nhưng về cơ bản, nó cung cấp một vòng lặp sự kiện và một loạt các lớp, hàm và coroutine để lập trình không đồng bộ

Vòng lặp sự kiện

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340 cung cấp giao diện tương tự như giao diện của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

819 cuối cùng của chúng tôi nhưng hoạt động hơi khác một chút. Nhớ lại rằng vòng lặp sự kiện của chúng tôi đã duy trì một hàng các coroutine đã lên lịch và chạy chúng bằng cách gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

354. Khi một quy trình đăng ký mang lại một giá trị, vòng lặp sự kiện diễn giải giá trị đó dưới dạng một thông báo

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

821 cho biết rằng quy trình đăng ký đó đợi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

822 trên

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

19. Sau đó, vòng lặp sự kiện bắt đầu theo dõi ổ cắm bằng bộ chọn và lên lịch lại coroutine khi sự kiện xảy ra

Vòng lặp sự kiện

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340 khác ở chỗ nó không duy trì hàng đợi các coroutine đã lên lịch mà chỉ lên lịch và gọi các cuộc gọi lại. Tuy nhiên, nó cung cấp và các phương pháp khác để lên lịch và chạy coroutines. sao làm được vậy?

Vòng lặp sự kiện duy trì ba loại cuộc gọi lại đã đăng ký

Các cuộc gọi lại đã sẵn sàng. Chúng được lưu trữ trong hàng đợi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

826 và có thể được lên lịch bằng cách gọi phương thức và

Các cuộc gọi lại đã sẵn sàng vào một thời điểm nào đó trong tương lai. Chúng được lưu trữ trong hàng đợi ưu tiên

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

829 và có thể được lên lịch bằng cách gọi phương thức và

Các cuộc gọi lại sẵn sàng khi bộ mô tả tệp sẵn sàng để đọc hoặc ghi. Chúng được theo dõi bằng bộ chọn và có thể được đăng ký bằng cách gọi phương thức và

Các phương pháp được liệt kê ở trên bao hàm cuộc gọi lại được lên lịch trong một hoặc một phiên bản, sau đó lên lịch và trả về phần điều khiển. Phiên bản

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

834 cung cấp phương thức cho phép người gọi hủy cuộc gọi lại.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

835 là một lớp con của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

834 để gói các cuộc gọi lại được lên lịch vào một thời điểm nào đó trong tương lai. Nó thực hiện các phương pháp so sánh đặc biệt như vậy để một cuộc gọi lại được lên lịch càng sớm thì càng ít. Do

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

835, hàng đợi ưu tiên của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

829 giữ các cuộc gọi lại được sắp xếp theo thời gian

Phương thức chạy một lần lặp của vòng lặp sự kiện. Việc lặp lại bao gồm các bước sau

Xóa các cuộc gọi lại bị hủy khỏi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

829

Gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

845 và sau đó xử lý các sự kiện bằng cách thêm các cuộc gọi lại vào

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

826

Di chuyển các cuộc gọi lại có thời gian đến từ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

829 đến

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

826

Bật các cuộc gọi lại từ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

826 và gọi những cuộc gọi lại không bị hủy

Vì vậy, làm thế nào để vòng lặp sự kiện dựa trên cuộc gọi lại này chạy coroutines? . Để lên lịch cho một coroutine, nó sẽ bao bọc coroutine trong một thể hiện. Phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

852 lên lịch cho

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853 như một cuộc gọi lại bằng cách gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

827. Và đây là thủ thuật.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853 chạy coroutine

Phương thức chạy coroutine một lần bằng cách gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

857. Coroutine không mang lại tin nhắn. Nó có thể tạo ra phiên bản

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

063 hoặc

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

859.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

063 có nghĩa là coroutine chỉ đơn giản muốn nhường quyền kiểm soát. Đây là những gì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

861 làm, ví dụ. Nếu một quy trình đăng ký mang lại

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

063, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853 chỉ cần tự lên lịch lại

Một thể hiện đại diện cho kết quả của một số thao tác có thể chưa có. Khi một quy trình đăng ký mang lại một tương lai, về cơ bản, nó sẽ báo cho vòng lặp sự kiện. "Tôi đang chờ đợi kết quả này. Nó có thể chưa có sẵn, vì vậy tôi đang nhường quyền kiểm soát. Đánh thức tôi dậy khi có kết quả"

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853 làm gì với tương lai? . Nếu kết quả đã có sẵn, cuộc gọi lại được gọi ngay lập tức. Mặt khác, nó được gọi khi ai đó/thứ gì đó đặt kết quả bằng cách gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

868

Các coroutines bản địa không thể

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7. Điều đó có nghĩa là chúng ta phải viết một quy trình đăng ký dựa trên trình tạo bất cứ khi nào chúng ta cần

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

7 một tương lai? . Các coroutines bản địa có thể chỉ cần

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 trên các hợp đồng tương lai, như vậy

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Để hỗ trợ điều này, tương lai triển khai

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

020 tự tạo ra tương lai và sau đó trả về kết quả

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Điều gì đặt kết quả vào một tương lai? . Một chức năng như vậy có thể được thực hiện như sau

Tạo một phiên bản

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

859 mới

Gọi

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

832 để đăng ký gọi lại cho ổ cắm. Cuộc gọi lại sẽ đọc dữ liệu từ ổ cắm và đặt dữ liệu là kết quả của tương lai

Trả lại tương lai cho người gọi

Khi một nhiệm vụ đang chờ trong tương lai này, nó sẽ mang lại tương lai cho

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853. Phương thức

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853 sẽ thêm một cuộc gọi lại trong tương lai và cuộc gọi lại này sẽ lên lịch lại cho tác vụ khi cuộc gọi lại từ bước 2 đặt kết quả

Chúng ta biết rằng một coroutine có thể đợi kết quả của một coroutine khác bằng cách đợi trên coroutine đó

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

Nhưng nó cũng có thể lên lịch trình coroutine, lấy một phiên bản

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

851 và sau đó

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 thực hiện tác vụ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

851 phân lớp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

859 để các nhiệm vụ có thể được chờ đợi trên. Điều gì thiết lập kết quả trên một nhiệm vụ? . Nếu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

857 đưa ra một ngoại lệ

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

325, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

853 sẽ xử lý ngoại lệ đó và đặt kết quả của tác vụ

Và về cơ bản đó là cách hoạt động cốt lõi của

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340. Có hai sự thật về nó mà chúng ta nên nhớ. Đầu tiên, vòng lặp sự kiện dựa trên các cuộc gọi lại và hỗ trợ coroutine được triển khai trên đó. Thứ hai, các coroutine không mang lại thông báo cho vòng lặp sự kiện mà mang lại tương lai. Tương lai cho phép các coroutine chờ đợi những thứ khác nhau, không chỉ cho các sự kiện I/O. Ví dụ: một coroutine có thể gửi một phép tính dài hạn tới một luồng riêng biệt và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 trên một tương lai đại diện cho kết quả của phép tính. Chúng tôi có thể triển khai một coroutine như vậy trên các ổ cắm, nhưng nó sẽ kém thanh lịch và chung chung hơn so với giải pháp có tương lai

Phần kết luận

Mẫu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 đã trở nên phổ biến trong những năm gần đây. Đồng thời ngày nay có liên quan hơn bao giờ hết và các phương pháp truyền thống để đạt được nó, chẳng hạn như chuỗi hệ điều hành và lệnh gọi lại, không phải lúc nào cũng cung cấp một giải pháp thích hợp. Các luồng hệ điều hành hoạt động tốt trong một số trường hợp, nhưng trong nhiều trường hợp khác, đồng thời có thể được triển khai tốt hơn nhiều ở cấp độ ngôn ngữ/ứng dụng. Một vòng lặp sự kiện dựa trên gọi lại về mặt kỹ thuật cũng tốt như bất kỳ giải pháp

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 nào, nhưng ai lại thích viết các cuộc gọi lại?

Điều đó không có nghĩa là

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 là cách tiếp cận đúng duy nhất đối với đồng thời. Nhiều người tìm cách tiếp cận khác tốt hơn. Lấy mô hình quy trình tuần tự giao tiếp được triển khai trong và Clojure hoặc mô hình diễn viên được triển khai trong Erlang và Akka làm ví dụ. Tuy nhiên,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 dường như là mô hình tốt nhất chúng ta có trong Python ngày nay

Python không phát minh ra

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2. Bạn cũng có thể tìm thấy nó trong C#, JavaScript, Rust và Swift, để kể tên một số. Tôi thiên về cách triển khai của Python vì tôi hiểu nó nhất, nhưng khách quan mà nói, nó không phải là thứ tinh tế nhất. Nó trộn lẫn các trình tạo, coroutines dựa trên trình tạo, coroutines bản địa,

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

8 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2, điều này làm cho nó khó hiểu hơn. Tuy nhiên, một khi bạn hiểu những khái niệm này, thì

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 của Python có vẻ khá đơn giản

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340 là một thư viện vững chắc, nhưng nó có vấn đề. Vòng lặp sự kiện dựa trên gọi lại cho phép

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340 cung cấp API cho cả lập trình kiểu gọi lại và kiểu

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2. Nhưng một vòng lặp sự kiện chạy coroutine trực tiếp, giống như những vòng lặp mà chúng tôi đã viết trong bài đăng này, trong cả quá trình triển khai và sử dụng. Các mô-đun

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

005 và

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

006 là những lựa chọn thay thế đáng chú ý cho

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

340 áp dụng phương pháp này

Tóm lại, đồng thời vốn đã khó và không có mô hình lập trình nào có thể làm cho nó trở nên dễ dàng. Tuy nhiên, một số mô hình làm cho nó có thể quản lý được và bài đăng này sẽ giúp bạn thành thạo một mô hình như vậy – Python's

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

P. S

Mã cho bài đăng này có sẵn trên github. Bài đăng được lấy cảm hứng từ Khóa học tò mò của David Beazley về cuộc nói chuyện về Coroutines và Đồng thời và bởi loạt Máy chủ đồng thời của Eli Bendersky

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

$ python clients.py 
[00.095948] Client 0 tries to connect.
        [00.096472] Client 1 tries to connect.
                [00.097019] Client 2 tries to connect.
[00.099666] Client 0 connects.
        [00.099768] Client 1 connects.
                [00.100916] Client 2 connects.
[00.602212] Client 0 sends "Hello".
        [00.602379] Client 1 sends "Hello".
                [00.602506] Client 2 sends "Hello".
[00.602702] Client 0 receives "Hello".
        [00.602779] Client 1 receives "Hello".
                [00.602896] Client 2 receives "Hello".
[01.106935] Client 0 sends "world!".
        [01.107088] Client 1 sends "world!".
                [01.107188] Client 2 sends "world!".
[01.107342] Client 0 receives "world!".
[01.107814] Client 0 disconnects.
        [01.108217] Client 1 receives "world!".
        [01.108305] Client 1 disconnects.
                [01.108345] Client 2 receives "world!".
                [01.108395] Client 2 disconnects.

2 hoàn thành danh sách các chủ đề tôi muốn trình bày trong loạt bài về hậu trường Python. Bây giờ tôi đang định viết về những điều thú vị khác, nhưng bộ truyện có thể sẽ có phần tiếp theo trong tương lai. Nếu bạn muốn đề xuất một chủ đề cho bài viết tiếp theo, bạn có thể viết email cho tôi tới victor@tenthousandmeters. com

Nếu bạn có bất kỳ câu hỏi, nhận xét hoặc đề xuất nào, vui lòng liên hệ với tôi theo địa chỉ victor@tenthousandmeters. com

Python có chạy không đồng bộ không?

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Python có async đang chờ không?

Từ khóa async/await đã được chuẩn hóa trong Python 3. 7 . Họ đơn giản hóa lập trình không đồng bộ trong Python. Từ khóa async được sử dụng để tạo một coroutine Python. Từ khóa chờ tạm dừng việc thực thi một coroutine cho đến khi nó hoàn thành và trả về dữ liệu kết quả.

Python không đồng bộ hay đồng bộ?

Có hai loại phương thức cơ bản trong Parallels Python API. đồng bộ và không đồng bộ . Khi một phương thức đồng bộ được gọi, nó sẽ hoàn thành việc thực thi trước khi quay lại trình gọi. Một phương thức không đồng bộ bắt đầu một công việc ở chế độ nền và trả lại cho người gọi ngay lập tức.

Làm thế nào async hoạt động trong Python?

Hàm async sử dụng từ khóa đang chờ để biểu thị một quy trình đăng ký. Khi sử dụng từ khóa chờ đợi, các coroutine sẽ giải phóng luồng điều khiển trở lại vòng lặp sự kiện. Để chạy một coroutine, chúng ta cần lên lịch cho nó trên vòng lặp sự kiện. Sau khi lên lịch, các coroutine được bao bọc trong Nhiệm vụ dưới dạng đối tượng Tương lai

Đó là tất cả về đồng thời

Máy chủ tuần tự

chủ đề hệ điều hành

Ghép kênh I/O và vòng lặp sự kiện

Chức năng máy phát điện và máy phát điện

Máy phát điện như coroutines

năng suất từ

không đồng bộ/chờ đợi

Cách trình tạo và coroutines được triển khai *

không đồng bộ

Phần kết luận

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