The size of an individuals personal space is related to which of the following Quizlet

vocal characteristics such as loudness, pitch, speech rate, and tone that we use to communicate nonverbal messages

vocalics rival kinesics in their communicative power because our voices communicate our social, ethnic, and individual identities to others

If we perceive a person's voice as calm and smooth (not nasal or shrill), we are more likely to view him or her as attractive; form a positive impression; and judge the person as extraverted, open, and conscientious

When we interact with others, we typically experience their voices as a totality. But people's voices are actually complex combinations of four characteristics: tone, pitch, loudness, and speech rate.

tone:
-the most complex of human vocalic characteristics and involves a combination of richness and breathiness
-English-speakers use vocal tone to emphasize and alter the meanings of verbal messages. Regardless of the words you use, your tone can make your statements serious, silly, or even sarcastic, and you can shift tone extremely rapidly to convey different emphases.
-In online communication, we use italics to convey tone change

pitch:
-people perceive men with deep voices as stronger
-people perceive women with high voices as shrill and whining
-many men are capable of using a higher pitch than they normally do but choose to intentionally limit their range to lower pitch levels to convey strength

loudness:
-emphasizing one word over another can alter the meaning from statement to question to command, depending on which word is emphasized
-Loudness affects meaning so powerfully that people mimic it online by USING CAPITAL LETTERS TO EMPHASIZE certain points

speech rate
-Talking at a moderate and steady rate is often considered a critical technique for effective speaking.
-but, speech rate is not the primary determinant of intelligibility Instead, it's pronunciation and articulation of words. People who speak quickly but enunciate clearly are just as competent communicators as those who speak moderately or slowly.

visible body movements

the richest nonverbal code in terms of its power to communicate meaning, and it includes most of the behaviors we associate with nonverbal communication (facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body postures)

facial expression:
-the face plays a pivotal role in shaping our perception of others.
-We use facial expressions to communicate an endless stream of emotions, and we make judgments about what others are feeling by assessing their facial expressions.

eye contact:
-serves many purposes during interpersonal communication
-We use our eyes to express emotions, signal when it's someone else's turn to talk, and show others that we're listening to them
-We also demonstrate our interest in a conversation by increasing our eye contact, or signal relationship intimacy by locking eyes with a close friend or romantic partner.
-Eye contact can convey hostility as well. One of the most aggressive forms of nonverbal expression is prolonged staring (fixed and unwavering eye contact of several seconds' duration, typically accompanied by a hostile facial expression)
-Although women seldom stare, men use this behavior to threaten others, invite aggression (staring someone down to provoke a fight), and assert their status

gestures:
-a hand motion used to communicate messages
-emblems (gestures which represent specific verbal meanings. the gesture and its verbal meaning are interchangeable.)
-illustrators (accent or illustrate verbal messages)
-regulators (control the exchange of conversation turns during an interpersonal encounter. Listeners use regulators to tell speakers to keep talking, repeat something, hurry up, or let another person talk. Speakers use them to tell listeners to pay attention or to wait longer for their turn)
-adaptors (are touching gestures often unconsciously made that serve a psychological or physical purpose, such as smoothing your hair)

posture:
-includes straightness of back (erect or slouched), body lean (forward, backward, or vertical), straightness of shoulders (firm and broad or slumped), and head position (tilted or straight up).
-Your posture communicates two primary messages to others, immediacy (the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive) and power (is the ability to influence or control other people or events, for example, in the U.S. high-status communicators typically use relaxed postures)

communication through the use of physical distance

four communication distances: intimate, personal, social, and public

In addition to the distance we each claim for ourselves during interpersonal encounters, we also have certain physical areas or spaces in our lives that we consider our turf:
-territoriality is the tendency to claim physical spaces as our own and to define certain locations as areas we don't want others to invade without permission
-Human beings react negatively to others who invade their perceived territory, and we respond positively to those who respect it

becoming more sensitive to differences in the use of personal space:
-North Americans' notions of personal space tend to be larger than those in most other cultures, especially people from Latin America or the Middle East.
-When interacting with people from other cultures, adjust your use of space in accordance with your conversational partner's preferences
-Realize, also, that if you're from a culture that values large personal space, others will feel most comfortable interacting at a closer distance than you're used to
-If you insist on maintaining a large personal space bubble around yourself when interacting with people from other cultures, they may think you're aloof or distant or that you don't want to talk with them

visible attributes such as hair, clothing, body type, and other physical features

profoundly influences all our interpersonal encounters.

how you look conveys as much about you as what you say.

And beauty counts:
-Across cultures, people credit individuals they find physically attractive with higher levels of intelligence, persuasiveness, poise, sociability, warmth, power, and employment success than they credit to unattractive individuals

This effect holds in online environments as well:
-For example, the physical attractiveness of friends who post their photos on your Facebook page has noteworthy effects on people's perceptions of your attractiveness
-if you have attractive friends' photos on your page, people will perceive you as more physically and socially attractive; if you have unattractive friends, you'll seem less attractive to others

What physical appearance characteristics does it take to be judged attractive?
-Standards of beauty are highly variable, both across cultures and across time periods.
-But one factor that's related to attractiveness across cultures is facial symmetry (the degree to which each side of your face precisely matches the other)
-although, perfect facial symmetry may be seen as artificial and unattractive

Your clothing also has a profound impact on others' perceptions of you.

clothing strongly influences people's judgments about profession, level of education, socioeconomic status, and even personality and personal values

The effect that clothing has on perception makes it essential that you consider the appropriateness of your dress, the context for which you are dressing, and the image of self you wish to nonverbally communicate

the physical features of our surroundings

Two types of environmental factors play a role in shaping interpersonal communication: fixed features and semifixed features

fixed features:
-stable and unchanging environmental elements, such as walls, ceilings, floors, and doors.
-features define the size of a particular environment, and size has an enormous emotional and communicative impact on people. For example, the size of structures communicates power, with bigger often being better

semifixed features:
-impermanent and usually easy to change; they include furniture, lighting, and color
-We associate bright lighting with environments that are very active and soft lighting with environments that are calmer and more intimate
-Color also exerts a powerful effect on our mood and communication: we experience blues and greens as relaxing, yellows and oranges as arousing and energizing, reds and blacks as sensuous, and grays and browns as depressing

the most elemental function of nonverbal communication

We communicate emotion nonverbally through affect displays (intentional or unintentional nonverbal behaviors that display actual or feigned emotions)

presented primarily through the face and voice.

face:
-Intentional use of the face to communicate emotion begins during late infancy, when babies learn to facially communicate anger and happiness to get what they want
-Unintentional affect displays begin even earlier. Infants in the first few weeks of life instinctively and reflexively display facial expressions of distress, disgust, and interest.
-As adults, we communicate hundreds, if not thousands, of real and faked emotional states with our faces.

People also use vocalics to convey emotions:
-Most people express emotions such as grief and love through lowered vocal pitch, and hostile emotions—such as anger and contempt—through loudness
-Pitch conveys emotion so powerfully that the source of the sound (human voice or other) is irrelevant, and words aren't necessary.
-people strongly associate high pitch with emotions such as anger, fear, and surprise, and they linked low pitch with pleasantness, boredom, and sadness.

Nonverbal communication also helps us manage interpersonal interactions

For example, during conversations, we use regulators, eye contact, touch, smiling, head nods, and posture shifts to signal who gets to speak and for how long

During conversations, we also read our partners' nonverbal communication to check their level of interest in what we're saying—watching for signals like eye contact, smiles, and head nods. Yet we're usually unaware that we're doing this until people behave in unexpected ways.

Nonverbal communication also helps us regulate others' attention and behavior. For example, a sudden glance and stern facial expression from a parent or babysitter can stop a child from reaching for the forbidden cookie jar.

A final function of nonverbal communication is to define the nature of our interpersonal relationships.

In particular, we use our nonverbal communication to create intimacy and define dominance or submissiveness in our relationships

intimacy:
-One crucial function nonverbal communication serves is to create intimacy (the feeling of closeness and "union" that exists between us and our partners)
-intimacy isn't defined solely through touch. Physical closeness, shared gaze, soft voices, relaxed postures, sharing of personal objects, and, of course, spending time together, all of these nonverbal behaviors highlights and enhances intimacy.
-for example, smiling and gazing are associated with intimacy. Individuals share more personal space with intimates and liked others than strangers, and use proximity to convey affection
-the primary way people communicate liking is through increasing gaze, smiling, and leaning forward
-Conversely, one can communicate lack of intimacy and greater formality through distance, lack of eye contact, decreased vocal expressiveness, precise articulation, and tense postures
-In general, more intimate relationships—particularly romantic bonds— show higher levels of nonverbal involvement across all of the codes (more eye contact, more touch, more smiling, closer distance, and so forth)
-For romantic couples, the level of nonverbal involvement is a direct indicator of the relationship's health

dominance:
-the interpersonal behaviors we use to exert power and influence over others
-Larger-than-normal use of space; access to other people's space, time, and possessions; one-sided use of touch (giving more, receiving less); indirect body orientation; direct gaze and staring; frowning and scowling; and silence—all of these codes signal the dominance of the person who employs them
-gender has little effect—these behaviors are perceived as dominant when displayed by either men or women

submissiveness:
-the willingness to allow others to exert power over us
-We communicate submissiveness to others nonverbally by engaging in behaviors that are opposite those that express dominance, such as taking up less space; letting others control our time, space, and possessions; smiling more; and permitting others to interrupt us

As you interact with others, you use various nonverbal communication codes naturally and simultaneously. Similarly, you take in and interpret others' nonverbal communication instinctively.

When it comes to nonverbal communication, although all the parts are important, it's the overall package that delivers the message.

there are three principles for competent nonverbal conduct, which reflect the three aspects of competence first introduced in Chapter 1:
-effectiveness
-appropriateness
-ethics.

First, when interacting with others, remember that people view your nonverbal communication as at least as important as what you say, if not more so:
-Although you should endeavor to build your active listening skills and use of cooperative language, bear in mind that people will often assign the greatest weight to what you do nonverbally

Second, be sensitive to the demands of interpersonal situations:
-For example, if an interaction seems to call for more formal or more casual behavior, adapt your nonverbal communication accordingly.
-Remind yourself, if necessary, that being interviewed for a job, sharing a relaxed evening with your roommate, and deepening the level of intimacy in a love relationship all call for different nonverbal messages
-You can craft those messages through careful use of the many different nonverbal codes available to you.

Finally, remember that verbal communication and nonverbal communication flow with each other:
-Your experience of nonverbal communication from others and your nonverbal expression to others are fundamentally fused with the words you and they choose to use.
-you cannot become a skilled interpersonal communicator by focusing time, effort, and energy only on verbal or only on nonverbal elements.
-instead, you must devote yourself to both, because it is only when both are joined as a s union of skills that more competent interpersonal communication ability is achieved

Which of the following is another term for personal space select one?

How many types of space are in Proxemics?

What are the 6 primary components of the communication process?

What is the most meaningful aspect of eye contact?