What is a term which refers to the judgment or decision made by the researcher?

Judgment and decision broadly refers to the function of consciousness to make a judgment and a decision. Judgment can be defined as the act of selecting a category from a group of categories. Decision can be also defined as the act of selecting an alternative from a group of alternatives. Human judgment and decision are usually made under uncertainty in which there are multiple possible future states of nature. A number of different types of uncertainty in judgment and decision are broadly categorized into three groups, based on the characteristics of the knowledge of the environment, i.e. how much the people know about their surrounding environment. The first is risk, which refers to a condition that occurs with known probability as the result of selecting a category or an alternative. The second is ambiguity, which refers to a state in which, although the possible states of nature that will occur are known, the probabilities of the condition and results to occur are unknown. The third is ignorance, which indicates a states in which the range of alternatives, possible states, and the range of results are not clearly known. Such cases of judgment and decision under ignorance occur frequently in the actual society.

The aim of this Research Topic is to draw together multiple perspectives on judgment and decision making under uncertainty, to highlight important theoretical and empirical insights, and to identify key priorities of new research area. This Research Topic stands at the intersection of psychology, behavioral economics, management science, risk research, and engineering. We welcome original research articles, reviews, theory articles and methodological articles. Experimental and theoretical contributions are also welcomed.

Some possible topics could include the following. JUDGMENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY: measurement method of risk perception, empirical research on risk perception in social lives, measurement method of ambiguity, empirical research on judgment of ambiguity, measurement method of ignorance, and judgment heuristics under uncertainty. DECISION UNDER UNCERTAITYTY: measurement method of decision under risk, empirical research on decision under risk, measurement method of decision under ambiguity, empirical research on decision under ambiguity, measurement method of decision under ignorance, empirical research on decision under ignorance, theory and measurement of probability weighting function or decision weight function, mathematical modelling of decision under uncertainty, process tracing experiment of decision under uncertainty, and neuroscience research on decision under risk, ambiguity, and ignorance.

Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Judging and deciding are endemic features of everyday life, representing prime categories of higher-order cognition that often follow thinking and reasoning and precede planning and action. Although some judgement and decisions may be made under conditions of certainty, by far, most involve some form of uncertainty. In this Research Topic we take a broad view on uncertainty, permitting it to include events that are (a) uncertain but well defined both in terms of their extension and probability (i.e., Knightian risk), (b) uncertain and vaguely and/or ambiguously defined in such terms, and/or (c) subjects of partial or complete ignorance (i.e., epistemic uncertainty). We welcome a broad range of articles that advance descriptive, normative, or prescriptive theory and knowledge on this topic. Accordingly, we seek papers that address how and why people judge and decide as they do (descriptive focus), how they ideally ought to judge and decide (normative focus), and how their judgment and decision-making processes might be improved in practice (prescriptive focus). As has long been de rigueur in JDM research, papers that integrate two of more of these perspectives are strongly favored.

From a descriptive vantage point, submitted articles could focus on aspects of judgment and/or decision-making under uncertainty, in general, or on judgment and decision-making in a specific domain. We welcome articles that examine interactions or interrelations between judgment and decision processes, between types of judgment or decision (e.g., comparing factual and value-based judgments), or among types or respects of uncertainty (e.g., how linguistic ambiguity and vagueness affects judgments about probabilistically defined events). From a normative vantage point, articles can address one or more normative frameworks (e.g., Bayesian, fuzzy set theory, multi-valued logic, entropy-minimization approaches, rational choice theories, signal detection theory, conversational pragmatics, etc.) or the relationship between different normative criteria (e.g., how correspondence and coherence criteria are related or how their relations might be moderated by other factors).

Our aim herein is to broaden the scope of a prior Research Topic on “Improving Bayesian Reasoning: What Works and Why?” to also include normative approaches that are not Bayesian. From a prescriptive vantage point, the present collection continues the focus on “improvement” that was inherent in our previous Research Topic. We welcome the submission of articles that test a broad range of strategies or heuristics for improving judgment and/or decision-making under uncertainty, including those currently used in specialized fields, which may not have undergone adequate scientific testing.

Finally, we encourage submissions that tackle the substantive topic from a broad range of methodological and theoretical perspectives, and we welcome empirical papers that describe observational or experimental studies from the laboratory and/or from more naturalistic settings. We encourage authors to highlight in their abstract submissions where their proposed manuscripts will have the strongest contribution (e.g., descriptive theory of decision-making, prescriptive methods for representing uncertainties in judgment, etc.).

Keywords: Judgment, decision-making, uncertainty, probability, higher-order cognition

Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

What is research Judgement?

What is the judgment or decision reached based on information learned?

Is a judgment or decision reached by reasoning?

What refers to the information that can be numbers or words that is used in research writing?