What is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions especially those affecting behavior in a given context?
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2 Psychology the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour in a given context. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/psychology The scientific study of the behaviour of individuals and their mental
processes. http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx 3 Psychology Over the 20 th century the there is an enormous breadth and diversity of
psychology schools of thought All of the key practitioners brought a unique individual voice and perspective to the field of psychology. 4 http://psychology.about.com/od/psycholog y101/a/timeline.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psycholog y101/a/timeline.htm 10 most
influential 5 Melanie Klein B.F. Skinner Wilhelm Reich Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget Carl Rogers Albert Bandura Susie Orbach 6 Melanie Klein Freudian child psychologist Building on the discoveries of Sigmund Freud, she recognised the centrality of the infant’s first relationships with its primary caregivers and, most significantly She analysed the early mental processes that build up a person’s inner emotional world. A pioneering
child analyst from Central Europe, she was a controversial and powerful member of the British Psychoanalytical Society for 30 years and her influence is now worldwide. (http://www.melanie-klein-trust.org.uk/klein) 7 B.F.Skinner Behaviourism In the 2002 he was
ranked the 99 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century,. Skinner's behaviourism theories made him a dominating force in psychology and therapy techniques based on his theories are still used extensively today, including behaviour modification such CBT which is goal orientated therapy http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner.htm
8 Albert Bandura 1960 /80s social learning theory This is the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new
information and behaviours by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modelling) This type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviours. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways. This is illustrated during the famous bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961).bobo doll experiment ( http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html)
9 Wilhelm Reich sexual liberation after the second world war the idea of sexual liberation would permeate the culture at large. Reich could be said to have invented this "sexual revolution"; a Marxist analyst, he coined the phrase in the 1930s in order to
illustrate his belief that a true political revolution would be possible only once sexual repression was overthrown. That was the one obstacle Reich felt had scuppered the efforts of the Bolsheviks. "A sexual revolution is in progress," he declared, "and no power on earth will stop it." www.theguardian.com › Culture › BooksCultureBooks
10 Jean Piaget cognitive Psychology He was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but
ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption in psychology was that children are merely less competent thinkers than adults. According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic mental structure (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based. (http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html)
11 Carl Rogers Humanist ---group therapy Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic
psychologist for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self- disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did
so, self actualization took place. http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html 12 Susie Orbach
Feminist Psychologist Is a psychoanalyst and writer and therapist whose interests have centred around feminism & psychoanalysis, the construction of femininity and gender, globalization & body image, emotional literacy and psychoanalysis & the public sphere. She co-founded The Women’s Therapy Centre in London in 1976 and The Women’s Therapy Centre Institute, New York in 1981. Her numerous publications include the classic Fat is a Feminist Issue, (1978) along with other such
influential texts as Hunger Strike, What Do Women Want, The Impossibility of Sex and her latest book Bodies. http://www.psychotherapyexcellence.com/watch/watch-listing/2012/november/susie-orbach-on- relational-psychoanalysis
13 Performance Psychology has had a profound influence on aspects of how performance ideas – new techniques –
movements /genres began to develop in the 20 th century And still plays a significant part in how we understand, interpret, portray human behaviour and interaction. 14 Sigmund Freud Austrian Psychologist 1856 –1939 15 Performance Stanislavski – Psychological Realism The Method ( Adler & Strasbourg) Expressionism–dreams and images – Wedekin- playwright Film Early silent film - Film Noir Surrealism – Artaud – Theatre of Cruelty
Frederico Lorca - playwright 16 Freud Is said to be one of the key founders and early practitioners of Psychological theory He has been superseded by more
contemporary theories But nevertheless his early pioneer work and influence are very powerful 17 Freud 1856 –1939 Human behaviour is very complex He develops psychoanalytical theory to explain human behaviour. He believed that psychology was a
science that used methods of observation of human behaviour. He developed the approach of using case studies and the analysis of symbols He founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology And develops the practice of analysis or counselling to help people with their psychological problems. Patients can be cured through a dialogue with their psychoanalyst. 18 Freud is best known for his theories of : Conscious and unconscious mind The analysis of symbols in dreams and literature The unconscious mind and the defence mechanism
of repression Personality development in the ID – Ego and the Super Ego Redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, 19 Therapeutic
techniques including the use of: Free association, Theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, The interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires 20 Ego Super Ego Id 21 The Ego organising ways to get what a person wants in the world
develops as the child starts to interact with the outside world Works on how needs might be satisfied in response/accordance with the feelings and needs of others as we learn the rules and morals of our society Often said to operate the reality principle- finds a compromise between the demands of our instincts of the ID and the practical constraints of the external world 22 Super Ego “should” and “should nots” become internalised –introjections-- is the moral part of our personality. We learn what is right and wrong from society and parents. We develop moral ideas what we believe are right and wrong behaviour. conscience – this threatens the ego with punishment for bad behaviour Ego ideal – promises rewards for good behaviour – high self
esteem and pride
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Id – it’s a ‘reservoir of unconscious energy’ (sometimes called libido) this includes basic instincts – desires- impulse- biological instincts for food water, sexual gratification It seeks immediate satisfaction regardless of societies rules or feelings of others – operates the pleasure principle Its sometimes thought of as an infantile part of the personality – like throwing a tantrum 24 Personality Model – indicates that conflict is inevitable as we try to satisfy these conflicting energies (Conscious) (Unconscious) (Pre- conscious)
25 Consciousness The conscious (Ego)-- is the level on which all of our thought processes operate. Anything that is thought, perceived or understood resides in this conscious level. Pre-conscious.– (Super ego) here reside memories and thoughts which may threaten at any moment to break
into the conscious level, which are easily recalled, and which may strongly influence conscious processes. Unconscious, (Id)-- here lie the wishes, urges, memories and thoughts which represent the bulk of the individual's past experience. Here lie the impulses and memories which threaten to debilitate or destabilize the individual's mind 26 Conflicting energy has to find expression They do so in Dreams Defence Mechanisms Neurosis 27 Sexuality Freud saw all human behaviour as
motivated by the drives or instincts, which in turn are the neurological representations of physical needs. (a) the life of the individual, by motivating him or her to seek food and water, and (b) the life of the species, by motivating him or her to have sex. The motivational energy of these life instincts, the "oomph" that powers our psyches, he called libido, from the Latin word for "I desire." Freud's clinical experience led him to view sex as much more important in the dynamics of the
psyche than other needs. We are social creatures, and sex is the most social of needs. 28 The Unconscious He believes that nothing you do occurs by chance; Every action and thought is motivated by your unconscious at some
level. In order to live in a civilized society, you have a tendency to hold back our urges and repress our impulses. However, these urges and impulses must be released in some way; they have a way of coming to the surface in disguised forms. One way these urges and impulses are released is through your dreams. Because the content of the unconscious may be extremely disturbing or harmful, Freud believes that the unconscious expresses itself in a symbolic language.
29 influence As ideas about Psychology develop about how humans behave it influences they way playwrights portray characters directors and actors
interpret play texts the expectation of audiences for more sophisticated plays and complex characters
30 Psychological realism Drama that explores/reflects human behaviour and societies experiences Individual characters are complex and have complex motivations for their actions Stanislavski system encourages actors to explore and develop skills in characterisation through subtext – searching for character motivations- effects of their childhood, personal, social and cultural experiences Set
design that reflects symbolically aspects of the themes of the text and historical context of the drama 31 Psychological Realism Stanislavski system encourages actors to explore and develop skills in characterisation through close analysis of the text searching for: Character development effects of their childhood,
parenting, personal, social and cultural experiences Motivations - obvious that fulfil basic needs ( I am thirsty) Motives hidden but revealed through subtext– Character Interaction is influenced by all of these factors Set Design that reflects symbolic aspects of the themes of the text and historical context of the drama subtext
32 Dreams composed of two parts The manifest and the latent content. Manifest content ( what we remember) What people remember as soon as they wake - what can consciously describe to someone else when recalling the dream. Freud suggested that this content had no deeper meaning because it was a disguised representation
of the true thought underlying the dream. It is very clear and literal.
33 Dreams --- the latent content
The latent content (What you don’t remember) holds the true meaning of the dream - the forbidden thoughts and the unconscious desires Freud believed that the latent content of dreams is suppressed and hidden by the subconscious mind in order to protect the individual from thoughts and feelings that are hard to cope with. We create symbols to represent those difficult thoughts and feelings
34 Dreams --- the latent content According to Freud, the reason you struggle to remember your dreams, is because the superego is at work. It is doing its job by protecting the conscious mind from the disturbing images and desires created by the
unconscious part of the mind. Essentially, for a person to continue to sleep undisturbed strong negative emotions, forbidden thoughts and unconscious desires have to be disguised or censored in some form or another. Otherwise, confronted by these, the dreamer would become distressed and they would eventually wake up
35 Understanding Dreams Therefore the dream, if understood correctly, could lead to a greater understanding of the dreamer's subconscious. By uncovering the hidden meaning of dreams, Freud believed that people could better understand their problems
and resolve the issues that create difficulties in their lives 36 Legacy We accept analysing peoples complex early experiences help us to understand behaviour. We accept different states of consciousness Dreams can be significant Sexual desire is a fundamental part
of our lives Dreams explore the unconscious mind and are an important part of our world experience We use symbols to express experience in rich and varied creative ways. , 37 38 Dreams Reference to dreams become the literary and artistic form through which to express Complex emotions Explore the darker side of human nature Express fears Symbolise experience Explore the truth
39 Artistic movements Dada Surrealists Expressionists Antonin Artaud Frank Wedekind August Stindberg Frederico Garcia Lorca Fritz Lang
40 Surrealism Freud's work with free association, dream analysis and the hidden unconscious was of the utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. The group
aimed to revolutionize human experience, including its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects, by freeing people from what they saw as false rationality, and restrictive customs and structures. Often associated with anarchy 41 Salvador Dali Persistence of memory 1931
42 Expressionism More generally the term refers to art that expresses intense emotion. Artist often distorts reality to achieve an emotional effect using, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy through the vivid, jarring, sometimes violent images Style of painting and sculpture that expresses
inner emotions. Expressionist artists tended to distort or exaggerate natural colour and appearance in order to describe an inner vision or emotion 43
Anton Artaud (1896 -1948) Theatre of Cruelty This is the manifesto he wrote He wanted to re- invent the theatre experience Move away from realism Bring together design and performance to create a powerful sensory experience 44
45 Series of internet slide shows on Artaud http://www.slideshare.net/garethhil/rehears ing-artaud
46 Theatre Wedekind's first major play, Spring Awakening, 1891 concerns sexuality and puberty among some young German
students, At the time it caused a scandal, as it contained scenes of masturbation, homoeroticism, and suicide, as well as references to abortion.
47 American Theatre In the 1920s, expressionism enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the American theatre, including
plays by Eugene O'Neill --- The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones and The Great God Brown Sophie Treadwell Machinal Elmer Rice The Adding Machine 48 Film The most important examples are: Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Golem: How He Came Into the World (1920), Fritz Lang's
Metropolis (1927) and F. W. Murnau's Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror (1922). 49 50 The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Siegfried Kracauer----suggests that the film can be read as an allegory for German social attitudes in the period
leading up to World War II. He argues that the character of Caligari represents a tyrannical figure, to whom the only alternative is social chaos as represented by the fairground This has been questioned saying the filmmakers adopted an Expressionist style as a method of product differentiation, establishing a distinct national product against the increasing import of American films. It was perhaps the first Horror Film. Or another theory is it was intended to be a modern pacifist parable,
with Cesare as the symbol of the people and Caligari as the state, seemingly benign and respected but in fact ordering the people to kill (in wars). The meaning of the ending, in which Caligari is unmasked and overthrown, is therefore clearly anti-authoritarian. 51 Music Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, They wanted to explore the subconscious and expressed this through atonal discordant music compositions
52 Art Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lionel Feininger, George Grosz,, August Macke, Emil Nolde, The Austrian Oskar Kokoschka, the Czech
Alfred Kubin The Norvegian Edvard Munch are also related to this movement. During his stay in Germany, the Russian Kandinsky was also an expressionism addict. 53 The Scream Edvard Munch 1893 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner A street in Berlin 1913 Depicting prostitutes
54 In his own words, Composition VII was the most complex piece he ever painted (Russian artist Kandinsky 1913) 55 References Peace P, Bartle K (2008)- article - British Psychological Society - Chartered Psychologist Maslow A.H. (1970) Motivation and Personality (2 nd ed) NewYork: Harper Row Atkinson Rita L., Atkinson R.C., Smith E., Benn D.J.(1993) (11 th edition) Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers U.S.A. Stylan J.L. (1981) Modern Drama in Theory and Practice 3 Expressionism and Epic Theatre Cambridge university
Press http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamtheory/freud.htm Introduction to Sigmund Freud's Theory on Dreams http://www.freudfile.org/ http://www.freudfile.org/theory.htmlhttp://www.freudfile.org/theory.html By Kevin Wilson insomnium.co.uk http://wilderdom.com/personality/L8-3TopographyMindIceberg.html 56
57 Oedipus complex How young boys acquire masculine gender A young 3-4 year old becomes obsessed with his mother and does not want to share her with his father which puts him in conflict
with his father. As a result the boy fears castration from his father and to avoid a nasty outcome begins to identify with and behave like his father – he learns to behave like a male does 58 Case study
five year old Hans Hans had developed a phobia of horses Hans was said to have a strong sexual desire towards his mother and once tried to seduce her. Shortly afterwards he develops a fear of horses and particularly muzzles and blinkers which horses wore in front of their eyes and mouth. Freud interpreted this as evidence of the oedipal complex The blinkers were symbolic of his fathers eyeglasses Muzzles his fathers moustache Hans was avoiding castration by transferring it on to
horses What is the scientific study of the human mind?Cognitive Psychology Explores Our Mental Processes
Cognitive psychologists, sometimes called brain scientists, study how the human brain works — how we think, remember and learn. They apply psychological science to understand how we perceive events and make decisions.
What is the study of human thinking and behavior?Human behavior is studied by the social sciences, which include psychology, sociology, ethology, and their various branches and schools of thought.
Is the science of human behavior and the study of human mind?Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.
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