Why did plantations develop in the southern colonies, but were unable to in new england?
Advanced Studies in US History I, Fall semester, test #2. Terms in this set (129)Why did no plantations develop in New England? The crops that could be grown there where not in great demand elsewhere, so the region had an unsuitability for cash crops. What was the main crop for New England? Corn, because wheat could not be grown due to poor soil and a fungus called black rust. What was the geography like in New England? Its coastline had many good harbors and timber for building fishing boats. What were the Grand Banks? They were Northeast of New England, a prime environment for plankton, which attracted a lot of fish. (This is why fishing was such an important industry in the region.) What were New England's biggest industries? Fishing and lumber. What was the Fall Line? What did it do for New England? The Fall Line was the area where rivers descended from a high elevation to a lower one, causing waterfalls. These waterfalls were used to power sawmills. Lumber cut in the sawmills were transported to other colonies in New England. Why did New England's social life center around the town? Puritans believed that God had entered a covenant with human beings that enabled them to obtain salvation. Because of this, they believed that groups of Christians should come together and worship. Assembly in MA would give land to a community of worshippers. What was Holy Watching? A religious duty for Puritans, which included watching their neighbors' behavior. What was Subsistence Farming? Farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced. What were Bills of Exchange? Credit slips that English Merchants gave to Caribbean sugar planters in exchange for their sugar. Explain Triangular Trade (between the Caribbean, England, and New England) The English merchants would give bills of exchange to Caribbean planters for their sugar, and the Caribbean planters would use the bills to pay for food and lumber from New England. Who were the artisans? Carpenters, masons, coopers, seamstresses, etc. They were in the middle of Urban Colonial Class society (below the merchants, who controlled the city's trade). Some owned their own tools and shops, but most were employed in other people's shops. What were the Middle Colonies? Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Ho was agriculture in the Middle Colonies different from that in New England? The middle colonies contained very fertile farmland. Instead of using subsistence farming, they were able to produce a surplus. What was the geography of the middle colonies like? They had 3 rivers: the Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna. (This made it easy for farmers to export their goods to the coasts for shipping.) What were the 2 largest cities in the middle colonies? New York City and Philadelphia. Who were at the top of the class system of the middle colonies? Entrepreneurs--They owned large farms and businesses. Who were in the middle of the class system of the middle colonies? Farmers--they owned few acres and only generated a small surplus. Who were at the bottom of the class system of the middle colonies? Landless workers--they rented land from large landowners or worked for wages. What was a wheat boom, and when did it happen? When more people came over to the Americas, wheat prices more than doubled between 1720 and 1770 because there were more people to feed in Europe. Why did so few people become rich growing wheat at this time? While many farmers prospered from growing wheat, very few became wealthy because of the time period's limited technology. All wheat had to be cut out by using a sickle because there were no mechanical harvesters. Using sickles, most farm families could only harvest 15 acres per season. What was the geography of the Southern colonies like? Maryland and Virginia were in the Chesapeake Bay, where they had the right soil for agriculture; especially tobacco. Wide rivers entered into the mainland and made cities unnecessary. Tobacco farmers could ship products from their own wharves. They had no need to move goods overland because plantations developed along rivers, which eliminated shipping costs. What did South Carolina grow and who cultivated it? They grew rice because the swampy lowlands were perfect for it, and Africans who were brought in cultivated it. What was indigo? It was brought introduced in the 1740s and it was used for dye (in clothing, ink, etc.). It was a good second crop for plantations because it required different soil and growing season than rice. What were plantations in the Southern Colonies? By the 1700s, they had grown in size and wealth due to increased numbers of slaves required to produce labor for intensive cash crops. They were commercial estates where many laborers lived on the land and cultivated crops for the landowner. Was subsistence farming used on plantations? NO! Crops were grown in large amounts. They were largely based on agriculture. What was they class system like in southern society? The plantation system made it distinct; it was a society where a wealthy elite controlled most of the land and relied upon the labor of others. Who were the Gentry? The planter elite of Southern Colony class system: they were wealthy, held political power, served on legislative assemblies and courts as well as militias. Unlike New Englanders, they began to enjoy a very leisurely way of life that included horse races and playing cards. Who were the Yeomen? They were below the Gentry in the Southern Colony class system: They were small farmers (as in their land was small). Some were former indentured servants who became independent. They had small farms and homes. They practiced subsistence farming: just enough to feed their families. What was a cash crop? A crop that is grown primarily for the market. Who was Sir William Berkeley? He was a Gentry member chosen by the king to be governor of the Virginia Colony--he was a wealthy landowner. He convinced the House of Burgesses to pass laws restricting suffrages to landowners, which kept people who had been voting from voting. Why did Berkeley oppose expanding VA into the backcountry where the Natives lived? He and other members of the Gentry already had the best land and were already wealthy, and he they did not want to risk any conflict with the Natives might damage the colony of their own status. What happened in 1675 in the Southern Colonies? A conflict erupted between the Natives and the yeomen, and Berkeley then forbade any further military action against the Natives--people were not happy about it. Who was Nathaniel Bacon, and what was Bacon's Rebellion? A well-to-do farmer who had land in the backcountry and owned a lot of it. He wanted to suppress Native attacks, so he organized a militia to suppress Natives in the frontier and sided with the yeomens. What did Berkeley do about Nathaniel Bacon directly disobeying his orders? He decided to call for new elections, hoping for assembly support. What did the new members of the House of Burgesses do? They authorized Bacon to raise a force and attack the Natives. They also restored a vote to all free men and revoked the tax exemption from the governor. (So basically the opposite of what Berkeley wanted.) What did Berkeley do after the new reforms were made? He was not satisfied, so he tried to seize power and charge Berkeley with corruption. He then made his own militia and it fought with Bacon's for several months. What happened to Bacon while his militia was fighting Berkeley's? He and his men were hiding out in a swampy area, so Bacon got sick and died in 1676. His followers left, and the revolt ended. What were the results of Bacon's Rebellion? It convinced wealthy planters to avoid future conflict by making more land available in the backcountry. The colony then began to support westward expansion afterwards. Why did the Gentry decide that they preferred slavery over indentured servitude? Slaves could never be freed, and this eliminated the need to get new slaves after they served their indenture. They also didn't need to give them land afterwards, and it was seen as very convenient. What did Charles II do involving the Royal African company in 1672? He allowed it to engage in the slave trade, thus making it easier for the English Colonies to acquire slaves. Why did the colonists prefer African slaves over Native slaves? The Africans wouldn't know the land like the Natives did, making them less likely to escape. How did slavery increase in the southern colonies? In 1690, there were 13,000 slaves in the southern colonies. In 1750, there 200,000 there. How did the Triangular trade work with rum, tobacco, and sugar? New England traded rum and tobacco to the British for goods, the British traded rum to West Africa for slaves, and West Africa traded slaves with the Caribbean for sugar. What was the Middle Passage? The journey that the Africans were forced to make in the Triangular Trade when they were brought to the West Indies. Historians estimate that c. 10-12 million Africans were forced to make the journey, and c. 2 million died at sea. It included indescribably poor conditions. Who was Olaudah Equiano? He was a slave who survived the Middle Passage and later won his freedom and wrote a memoir in which he described the horrors of it. When did the first Africans arrive in VA? 1619 When did Maryland recognize slavery? 1638, VA following soon after. What were the VA Slave Codes? Passed in 1705, a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between slaves and free people. For example, Africans were denied the right to own property, testify against whites in court, and assemble in large numbers, etc. What was Gullah? It was a language developed by slaves which was a combination of English and several West African languages. It took a while for them to develop it because they were all from a variety of different cultures and spoke different languages and couldn't communicate. Examples of Gullah would be "voodoo" or "gumbo." What other ways did slaves keep their culture and history? Oral traditions, such as singing and storytelling. Dance, also: many slaves did a ritual known as the ring shout, a circular dance linked to the African burial ceremony. Families were often ripped apart when a slave was sold, and other slaves would step in to raise a child whose parents had been sold. How did some slaves resist their plight? By faking illness and breaking tools to slow down the plantation system. Some even ran away despite severe punishment, and some found refuge among Natives. (Even though punishment for runaways was the most severe.) What was the Stono Rebellion? Took place in September of 1739. About 20 slaves met at the Stono River in Charlestown and planned to sneak onto plantations. They killed several planter families and urged other slaves to rise up and join them. A white militia defeated the band, and survivors were executed. This led to the tightening of slave codes, because it was the Gentry's worst nightmare come to fruition. What is Mercantilism? An economic theory which states a nation should seek to increase wealth and power by accumulating as much silver and gold as possible. They did this by establishing the favorable trade balance; selling more goods to other countries than goods bought from them. What was a nation's ultimate goal? To become self-sufficient in raw materials by establishing colonies where raw materials are available; this way the home country can buy raw materials from colonies and then sell them manufactured goods. Why did mercantilists believe a colony existed? To serve one purpose, which was to enrich the parent country. What were the pros for mercantilism for the colonies? There were reliable markets for raw materials, and they had an eager supplier of the manufactured goods that they needed. What were the cons of mercantilism for the colonies? It prevented colonies from selling to other nations, even at a better price. Also, if a colony didn't have something that England needed or wanted, it had no way to acquire manufactured goods. What did the cons of mercantilism lead to? The triangular trade involving bills of exchange as well as smuggling (the illegal exporting/importing to other colonies). What did the colonists export? Lumber, furs, fish, and tobacco. What did the colonists import? Furniture, iron utensils, books, and china. What were the Navigation Acts? 1650-1673 A mercantilist policy established by England's government which established the following rules for colonial trade: trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial built ships, and operated by only one English or colonial crew. (3/4 rule.) All goods imported into the colonies from Europe, except for perishable items, could pass only through the ports in England (ships taking goods to the colonies had to stop in English ports first to pay import taxes). It also specified or "enumerated" goods from the colonies could be exported through England only. *Tobacco was the original enumerated good, but over time the list expanded to include sugar, rice, cotton, lumber, etc. What were the pros of the Navigation Acts for the colonies? New England shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England, and English forces protected colonies. What were the cons of the Navigation Acts for the colonies? Colonial manufacturing was severely limited, Chesapeake farmers got low prices for crops, English shipping prices were high, and colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods. What were the negative effects for England due to the Navigation Acts? They caused tremendous resentment in colonies (which England could not ignore, and understood it was dangerous). Also it was difficult to enforce them: the crown agents who were set up in the colonies were often lax or corrupt, and sometimes turned a blind eye to smuggling. Which colony was the worst about routinely ignoring the Navigation Acts? Massachusetts; European ships often crowded Boston harbor, even though only English ships could bring stuff in. What did Charles II do in 1684? He revoked the MA Bay Colony Charter and declared MA a royal colony. Who became King of England in 1685? James II Due to his determination to assert more control over the colonies, what did James II do? He merged MA, Plymouth, and RI together to create the Dominion of New England. (Soon after, CT, NY, and NJ were added.) He stripped them of their individual identities and their power to govern themselves. Who did King James II appoint to as Governor-General of the Dominion? Sir Edmund Andros What did Sir Edmund Andros famously say about all the colonial assemblies being forced to disband? "You have no privileges left you, than not to be sold for slaves." What scene does the seal of the Dominion of New England portray? King James II is standing while a Native and a colonist are kneeling to him, offering him gifts. This is a visual representation of mercantilism: the parent country is over the colonies, which were only created to enrich the parent colony. What does Sir Edmund Andros do to MA? Revokes all deeds and land titles (which was a big deal because the right to own property was a fundamental right), and to get their deed validated again, they had to fill out paperwork and pay annual taxes. He also ruins social life by declaring that only marriages performed in Anglican churches were legal (also a huge deal because the colonists came to North America in order to leave the Anglican church). He also ruled that no one could teach without permission, and rigorously enforced the Navigation Acts through all of the colonies, which severely cut into colonial profits from trade. Why was James II not popular in England? He openly practiced Catholicism although the King was the head of the Anglican church. He also revoked English charters, routinely ignored Parliament, and basically tried to rule like an Absolute Monarch. What were the English patiently waiting for? For James II to die so that his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, could take the throne. What happened that threw a wrench in the English citizens' plans for new rulers? James II fathered a son, which would make the son next in line for King instead of Mary. What did Parliament do once James II had a son? They invited William and Mary to take the throne . James II fled to escape being killed. What was the Glorious Revolution? Mary and William took the throne in England, and the colonists imprisoned Sir Edmund Andros; it was a bloodless rebellion. What did Mary and William have to comply to before taking the throne of England? Parliament needed them to comply to obedience to the laws of Parliament and to uphold the new English Bill of Rights. What did the new English Bill of Rights entail? Abolished the King's power to suspend law and create his own courts (meaning he was below the law, not above it). It also made it illegal for the king to impose taxes or raise an army without Parliament consent. It banned excessive hail and cruel and unusual punishment. What did the English Bill of Rights guarantee for every Englishmen? 1. Freedom of Speech 2. Right to fair and impartial jury. 3. Right to petition the King. *When the Bill was put in place, the colonists thought of it as their rights as well. Where did the first witch trial take place? Charlestown Who in the Parris household was accused of witchcraft by the little girls? Tituba, the servant. Who else did the little girls accuse of witchcraft? Sarah Goode and Sarah Osborne; neither of them went to church, and Osborne had married her indentured servant. Who was Cotton Mather? He investigated the witch trials in Boston in which 4 children were possessed. When were 4 Boston children supposedly possessed? 1688 What was the impact of the Salem Witch Trials? The American notion of justice changed afterwards, and people were considered innocent until proven guilty in court. What was spectral evidence? The accused would take the shape of a specter (a crow or other animal) whenever reveling themselves to the victim. Only the victim was evident to spectral evidence (which was super convenient). When did all of this happen? 1692 How many people were executed in Salem for witchcraft? 20 were executed, and 4 died in jail. What was the one way to survive a witchcraft trial? To confess; Puritans believed that once you confessed, your fate was in God's hands. What impacts did the Glorious Revolution have on the Colonies? The Dominion of New England ended in 1689. Maine, Massachusetts, and Plymouth merged as one colony. A new MA charter allowed election of an assembly and the governor's counselors and retained the right to appoint the governor. It also changed voting: only propertied men could vote but they no longer had to be the members of Puritan Congregations. What was salutary neglect? Although the English made the Navigation acts stricter on paper, they actually let up in enforcement of them in order to maintain economic loyalty of colonies. Who paid the Royal Governor's salary in the colonies? The Colonial Assembly (elected by colonists); although the Royal Governor had more power over the Assembly on paper, the Assembly had more power in practice because of this fact, and used this power to control the Governor. Who was John Locke? He was an Englishman (NOT a colonist), and also a scholar and philosopher who sought questions about the government and the government's power. What were 2 important premises of The Two Treatises of Government? 1. A ruler derives his authority from the people. This was also called "popular sovereignty." It was a very revolutionary idea in 1690 because it was a complete rejection of the idea of the Divine Right of King (the idea that the king derives his authority from God). 2. Everyone is born with certain natural rights that include life, liberty, and property. What were Natural Rights? Universal rights that you are born with as a human being, instead of gaining them from some special privilege. What was the "state of nature,"? A theory created by Locke. It was the time before society, when natural rights were not safe, and their was chaos because people only thought to benefit themselves. According to John Locke, why was government created? For the purpose of protecting one's natural rights. What was the "Social Contract"? A contract that people were in with the government; people agreed to obey government laws in order for the government to protect them and in order to have the freedoms and rights that are most important to them. *This is why authority comes from the people. What did Locke say that people had the right to do if the government broke its obligations in the social contract? That people had the right to overthrow that government and create a new one. What was the Enlightenment? An intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century. What did Enlightenment thinkers believe? That natural laws applied to social, political, and economic relationships. Also that people could figure out these natural laws if they employed reason. What was the main goal of Enlightenment figures? To improve society. What was rationalism? Enlightenment emphasis on logic and reasoning. What did Locke believe about the way people are born, contrary to what churches taught? That people are born with minds that are blank slates (tabula rasa) that would be shaped by education and society. So the better the education and society, the better the person that came from it. Who was Benjamin Franklin? He reflected the idea that you could use human reason and an orderly method to make yourself perfect. He complied a list of 13 virtues to improve his behavior and live up to his Enlightenment standards. What was the Great Awakening? An American religious movement characterized by fervent expressions of feeling among masses of people. It stressed making an emotional connection to God. It was an offshoot of a European religious movement called pietism. It stressed individual devoutness and an emotional union with God. How did ministers spread the word of the Great Awakening? Through revivals: mass public prayer and worship meetings. Who was one of the ministers that kicked off the Great Awakening? Jonathan Edwards, a MA preacher who held a series of sermons (including Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God). He argued that God was rightfully angry with sinful humans and only those who expressed deep penitence would receive God's grace and be saved, and others would be damned to hell. He kind of stepped away from Predestination, as well as other ministers, because they wanted people to strive to be good. What were two Protestant sects that emerged after the Great Awakening? Baptists and Methodists. (Both evangelical.) Why did the Gentry hate the Baptists? The Baptists hated slavery and condemned it. How did the Baptists treat African Americans? They were very welcoming; they actually invited them to their meetings.
What were some impacts of the Great Awakening? As new Protestant sects rose up, people began to challenge the authority of established churches. Some colonists abandoned their old Puritan and Anglican congregations. What is piety? Devotion and reverence to God How were the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment alike in two important key ways? 1. They both caused people to question traditional authority. 2. Both stressed the importance of the individual and the individual's role. Who was Anne Bradstreet? The first female colonial poet to be published. She talked about the impermanence of life and how fleeting it is. What happened to the colonial population in the 1700s? It more than doubled every 25 years. (This was probably due to the birthrate and immunization.) What did Cotton Mather do in 1721? He learned a technique for inoculating against small pox by injecting some of the infection into the bloodstream. What was the status of women like in the 1600s? Married women had no legal status whatsoever, and could own no property, make a contract, lawsuit, or will. (Single women had these rights, however.) How did the status of women improve in the 1700s? Only improved somewhat, some women worked outside the home. Where and why did Germans immigrate to the colonies? They came to Pennsylvania, seeking religious freedom. By 1775, how many Germans were there in the colony? 100,000 What nickname was given to the Germans in PA? Pennsylvania Dutch Who was John Peter Zinger? A man who had immigrated from Germany at the age of 13. in 1734, he published a newspaper criticizing New York's royal governor for corruption. What was John Peter Zinger arrested and charged with? Libel: writing false speech intended to damage someone's reputation. Who served as Zinger's defense attorney? Andrew Hamilton What did Andrew Hamilton say in Zinger's defense? He said only a press that is free to criticize a government could keep that government from abusing power. (Emphasized freedom of the press.) What did the Jury find Zinger? Not guilty Sets with similar termsCH251 terms natnat93 History 17a CH251 terms dontgo_tocollegePLUS Unit 2: Colonization Key Terms #232 terms angegol Chapter 250 terms Fallon_Lowe Sets found in the same folderColonizing America263 terms Lydie-O Puritan Literature Test19 terms Lydie-O American Revolution79 terms Lydie-O Making a Constitution51 terms Lydie-O Other sets by this creatorSPA-202 Ch.7: Irregular Past Participles16 terms Lydie-O SPA 202 Irregular Future Verbs13 terms Lydie-O Spanish 201 Chapter 1 Vocab5 terms Lydie-O Art His 150, Ch. 16-18 Final Exam121 terms Lydie-O Recommended textbook solutions Politics in States and Communities15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye 177 solutions American Government1st EditionGlen Krutz 412 solutions Politics in States and Communities15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye 177 solutions
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Why did farming not develop in the New England colonies like it did in the Southern Colonies?The New England colonies had rocky soil, which was not suited to plantation farming, so the New England colonies depended on fishing, lumbering, and subsistence farming.
How did the Southern Colonies differ from New England?New England had skilled craftsmen in the industry of shipbuilding. The Mid-Atlantic presented a diverse workforce of farmers, fisherman, and merchants. The Southern Colonies were primarily agricultural with few cities and limited schools.
Why were the New England colonies a terrible place to grow crops?The often harsh climate and rocky soil meant that few New England farms could grow cash crops. Most farming families grew crops and raised animals for their own use. There was thus little demand for farm laborers. Although some people held slaves, slavery did not become as important to this region.
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