Top 10 nhà tù tồi tệ nhất ở pennsylvania năm 2022

The Adjustment Center at San Quentin is considered the harshest of the three death row units there. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

The practice of imprisonment as punishment for crime dates back as far as the 17th century when people — even orphans — were held for minor things or for awaiting trial. But according to scholar Ashley Rubin, those "prisons" were more akin to today's jails — not penitentiaries — and were not places for punishment.

Three of the first state prisons in the world opened in the United States just after the American Revolution: in Massachusetts in 1785, in Connecticut in 1790 and Pennsylvania in 1794. There was a desire at that same time to reform the jails because conditions were so rife with fights, corruption and disease. So this thinking opened the door for what, Rubin wrote in JSTOR, "paved the way for prisons as we now know them."

Today, the size and living conditions of prison vary widely and are often tied to the criminals they house. Minimum security prisons in the United States and abroad might have comfortable beds, access to private bathrooms, and recreational and rehabilitation programs. In the United States, the rich and famous may even have the chance to serve their sentences in facilities upgraded with flat-screen TVs and other creature comforts, a controversial pay-to-play opportunity to ensure minimal discomfort while they serve their debts to society.

But there are prisons on the other end of that spectrum as well; they're severely overcrowded, lack proper medical care, and put occupants at severe risk of violence. This list highlights 10 of those, in no particular order.

Contents

1. Black Dolphin Prison, Russia
2. Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Kenya
3. Terre Haute, U.S.A.
4. San Quentin State Prison, U.S.A.
5. Diyarbakir Prison, Turkey
6. Mendoza Prison, Argentina
7. Gldani Prison, Georgia
8. United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX), USA
9. Camp 14 Kacheon, North Korea
10. Gitarama Prison, Rwanda

10. Black Dolphin Prison, Russia

Black Dolphin Prison (aka penal colony No. 6) is located near Russia's border with Kazakhstan. It's reserved for the country's most dangerous and violent convicted criminals, including serial killers, cannibals, pedophiles and Chechen terrorists. It is named for the dolphin sculpture created by the inmates that sits on the grass at the front of the prison reception. Prisoners here are watched 24-hours a day via video surveillance, and guards make rounds every 15 minutes. Two inmates are assigned to each 50-square-foot (4.6 square-meter) cell that is behind three sets of steel doors to keep it extra-isolated from guards and other inmates. Prisoners are allowed outside their cells for only 90 minutes per day in a barren concrete exercise yard. If they're moved anywhere within the facility, they're cuffed, blindfolded and forced to walk bent over so they can't learn the prison's layout, interact with other prisoners or overpower the guards. This technique is believed to be unique to Black Dolphin.

9. Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Kenya

Kenya is notorious for tough conditions in its prisons and Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, located in Roysambu Constituency, is widely regarded as the worst. It was built in 1954 by the British and modeled after an old-style colonial system to house offenders during a state of emergency declared in October 1952. Kamiti still has its original gallows, though the last execution there was in 1987. It is notoriously overcrowded and the conditions are unsanitary — the prison's official capacity is 1,200, though reports suggest there are between 1,800 and 2,500 inmates crammed inside. Serious health conditions, including HIV and AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, tuberculosis and dysentery are rampant. Though Kamiti was already well-known for housing political prisoners and executions by hanging, its infamy grew in 2008, when a riot sparked by a contraband search was captured on cellphone and shown on television. It also made headlines again in 2021 when three convicted terror suspects escaped. Seven wardens were later arrested for helping aid their escape.

Kamiti Maximum Security Prison in Nairobi has been plagued by scandal since three inmates escaped with the help of seven wardens, costing the prison's boss his job.

SIMON MAINA/AFP via Getty Images

8. Terre Haute, U.S.A.

This prison complex in Indiana consists of maximum-security, medium-security and low-security units. Nicknamed "Guantanamo North," Terre Haute is home to Boston bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who is on death row there. (The United States federal government's execution chamber is located at Terre Haute.) The ACLU accused Terre Haute in 2008 of having "grossly inadequate" conditions at its special confinement unit, where death row inmates are held. It accused the prison of denying the prisoners medical care and mental health services, and said they were subjected to so much noise that it caused them sleep deprivation. In January 2021, Terre Haute had the highest number of COVID-19 cases in the federal prison system, including inmates on death row. Federal executions at Terre Haute have been on pause since U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland announced July 1, 2021, the Department of Justice would review its policy on capital punishment. This was after the Trump administration carried out 13 federal executions just months before the end of Trump's term, including the execution of Lisa Montgomery by lethal injection Jan. 12, 2021. Montgomery was the first woman put to death by the U.S. in 67 years. Still, 46 men remain on death row at Terra Haute, including Dylann Roof, who was sentenced to death for federal hate crimes for killing nine church parishioners in Charleston, South Carolina in 2015.

7. San Quentin State Prison, U.S.A.

The oldest prison in California, San Quentin is notoriously known for its violence. It has been home to many infamous criminals, including Charles Manson, Scott Peterson and Sirhan Sirhan, who assassinated Robert F. Kennedy. It had the only death row facility in the state for more than 700 death row inmates (the largest facility in the United States), and home to California's only gas chamber. But in early 2022, the state started the process of closing death row and relocating the inmates, three years after the California governor ended executions in the state. Over the years, and particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, San Quentin earned a reputation for corruption and interracial riots that were encouraged by the guards.

San Quentin's Death Row Adjustment Center exercise yard cages are where inmates spend one hour outside five days a week.

Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

6. Diyarbakir Prison, Turkey

Diyarbakir Prison was built in 1980 by the Ministry of Justice in Turkey. After the Sept. 12, 1980, Turkish coup d'état, Diyarbakir became a martial law military prison where torture was a common tool for forced assimilation of the Kurds. A total of 650,000 people were detained after the September coup, and most were beaten or tortured. More than 500 died — many of those at Diyarbakir. During the "the period of barbarity," which refers to the early and mid-1980s when Diyarbakır was newly built, prisoners there were subjected to horrific acts of systematic torture. Though rarely confirmed by superiors, hundreds of testimonies from former Diyarbakir inmates have told of physical and mental abuse; sleep, sensory, water and food deprivation; "Palestinian hangings" (hanging by the arms); mock executions; electric shocks to genitals; extraction of nails and healthy teeth; rape or threat of rape; and worse. These abuses to Kurdish prisoners fueled the rise of the Kurdistan Workers' party, or PKK, which still fights against the Turkish state. Today Diyarbakir is still a working prison and is known for its significant number of human rights violations per inmate. But in 2021, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced it would be turned into a cultural center, to mixed reviews.

Testimonies from now-released inmates of the notorious Diyarbakir Prison have documented horrific cases of systemic torture.

Wikimedia Commons/(CC-BY-SA 4.0)

5. Mendoza Prison, Argentina

With a population roughly three times its capacity, Mendoza Prison in Argentina is severely overcrowded. As many as five inmates are crowded into cells that measure only 43 square feet (4 square meters), and many inmates are forced to sleep on the floor without mattresses. Amnesty International reported on the conditions back in 2005, alerting that "people imprisoned in Mendoza are in such a desperate situation that they have gone as far as to sew their mouths up in demand of better living conditions." The conditions at that time were so dire, they included torture and in some cases even death to inmates. Prisoners had inadequate medical care and the prison lacked a proper sewage system, forcing inmates no other choice but to use plastic bags and bottles as their washrooms.

4. Gldani Prison, Georgia

A 2012 scandal at Gldani Prison, located in Tbilisi, Georgia, called international attention to the country's practice of prisoner torture at the hands of guards. Numerous abuses, including rape and assault, were revealed in video filmed by a 35-year-old former prison-guard-turned-whistleblower. The videos sparked major protests across the country, and inspired actual reform in how inmates there are treated. Though conditions in the country's prisons have improved in the past decade, Gldani Prison is in the spotlight once again as the site of protests sparked by the imprisonment of the country's former president, Mikheil Saakashvili. Though various groups of protestors are both in favor of and against Saakashvili's release, the situation is calling attention to the facility's notoriety and reputation.

Gldani Prison in Georgia has had numerous scandals regarding abuse and torture.

VANO SHLAMOV/AFP via Getty Images

3. United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX), USA

Also known as ADX Florence, Florence ADX, Supermax, or the Alcatraz of the Rockies, this is the most maximum-security prison in the United States. Built in 1994, this facility houses some of the world's most dangerous criminals, including Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber), Ramzi Yousef (responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing), and Zacarias Moussaoui (involved in the 9/11 attacks). Inmates at this facility spend 23 hours a day in solitary confinement in their 7-by-12-foot (2-by-3.6-meter) concrete cells. Windows are tiny and prisoners get their meals through small slots in the cells' metal doors. When prisoners are allowed out of their cells during the one-hour recreation period, they wear several restraints and are escorted by multiple guards to a small outdoor cage. The prison was once described by former warden Robert Hood as "a clean version of hell."

Các tù nhân tại ADX Florence bị giới hạn trong các tế bào nhỏ, cụ thể của họ 23 giờ một ngày để ngăn chặn sự tự gây hại.

Wikimedia Commons/(CC-by-SA 3.0)

2. Trại 14 Kacheon, Triều Tiên

Gần giữa Bắc Triều Tiên là một cơ sở nhà tù rộng 60 dặm vuông (155 km vuông) được gọi là Camp 14 và Kacheon. Theo báo cáo của Bộ Ngoại giao Hoa Kỳ, Camp 14 được xây dựng vào năm 1959 gần trung tâm của đất nước, cách Bình Nhưỡng khoảng 40 dặm (64 km) về phía bắc. Trại 14 được coi là một trại tù nhân chính trị và có thể giam giữ 15.000 tù nhân. Điều đó có nghĩa là họ đang phục vụ các bản án chung thân vì là "kẻ thù của nhà nước". Các tù nhân ở đây thường xuyên bị bỏ đói, và bị buộc phải lao động nô lệ trong khai thác, dệt may và canh tác. Trại 14 cũng sử dụng một chính sách được gọi là "ba thế hệ trừng phạt", điều đó có nghĩa là nhiều tù nhân chỉ ở đó chỉ liên quan đến một người bị nghi ngờ về tội phạm và họ có thể sẽ chết ở đó mà không bao giờ tự mình phạm tội.

Trại 14 của Triều Tiên là một trại tù nhân chính trị, nơi có những người nhận thấy "kẻ thù của nhà nước", những người đang thụ án chung thân của lao động nặng nhọc.

Google Earth/HowStuffWorks

1. Nhà tù Gitarama, Rwanda

Nhà tù đông đúc nhất thế giới, Gitarama là nhà của hơn 7.000 tù nhân trong một cơ sở được xây dựng để chỉ giữ 400. Hầu hết các tù nhân là nghi phạm của cuộc diệt chủng Rwandan diễn ra vào năm 1994. Với sự quá tải của người đàn ông, những người đàn ông Và phụ nữ ở đây bị buộc phải đứng chân trần trên mặt đất bẩn thỉu trong tất cả các giờ trong ngày, khiến đôi chân của họ bị thối rữa. Nhiều người cuối cùng yêu cầu cắt cụt, nhưng chỉ với một bác sĩ toàn thời gian dành riêng cho nhà tù, hầu hết các tù nhân không thể nhận được sự điều trị họ cần, dẫn đến nửa tá người chết mỗi ngày.

Nhà tù Gitarama ở Rwanda đôi khi rất đông đúc, các tù nhân thậm chí không thể ngồi xuống.

Anne Nosten/Gamma-Rapho qua Getty Images

Xuất bản lần đầu: 17 tháng 8 năm 2015