What is the meaning of experimental study?

Experimental studies (Fig. 3.4), or experiments, are commonly used (and are discussed in more detail in Chap. 3.4). Well-designed experimental studies can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the response and explantory variables. However, using experimental studies is not always possible.

In experimental studies, the researcher creates changes in the explanatory variable, and notes the changes in the response variable. That is, experimental studies are used to answer interventional RQs.

Definition 3.4 (Experiment) In an experimental study (or an experiment), the researchers intervene to control the values of the explanatory variables (C) that are applied to the individuals. The researchers allocate treatments (i.e., apply the intervention).

What is the meaning of experimental study?

FIGURE 3.4: An experimental study, used to answer interventional RQs

Definition 3.5 (Treatments) Treatments are the conditions of interest that those in the study can be exposed to (in the comparison/connection). In experiments, treatments are imposed by researchers.

Two types of experimental studies (Table 3.2) are:

  • True experiments; and
  • Quasi-experiments.
TABLE 3.2: Comparing experimental designs (descriptive studies do not have any comparison or connection groups)
Study type Researchers allocate who or what to groups Researchers allocate treatments to groups Reference
True experiment Yes Yes Sect. 3.4.1
Quasi-experiment No Yes Sect. 3.4.2
Observational No No Sect. 3.3

True experimental studies

True experiment are commonly used, but cannot always be conducted. An example of a true experiment is a randomised controlled trial, often used in drug trials.

Definition 3.6 (True experiment) In a true experiment, the researchers:

  • allocate treatments to groups of individuals (i.e., decide the values of the Comparison/Connection used on the individuals), and
  • determine who or what individuals are in those groups.

While these may not actually happen explicitly, they can happen conceptually.

What is the meaning of experimental study?

Example 3.7 (True experiment) The echinacea study (Barrett et al. 2010) (Sect. 2.7) could be designed as a true experiment. The researchers would allocate individuals to one of two groups, and then decide which group took echinacea and which group did not (Fig. 3.5).

What is the meaning of experimental study?

FIGURE 3.5: True experimental studies

Think 3.2 (Experimental study) A researcher wants to examine the effect of an alcohol awareness program (MacDonald 2008) on the amount of alcohol consumed in O-Week. She runs the program at UQ only, then compared the average amount of drinking per person at two universities (A and B). What type of study is this: observational or true experimental? Answer these questions to help:

  1. Does the researcher allocate treatments to the groups?
  2. Does the researcher allocate subjects to groups?

It is neither. The researcher did not determine the groups: the students (not the researcher) would have chosen University A or University B for many reasons. The researcher did decide how to allocate the program to University A or University B.

Quasi-experimental studies

Quasi-experiments are similar to true experiments, but treatment are allocated to groups that already exist (as in Example 3.2).

Definition 3.7 (Quasi-experiment) In a quasi-experiment, the researchers:

  • allocate treatments to groups of individuals (i.e., decide the values of the Comparison/Connection used on the individuals), but
  • do not determine who or what individuals are in those groups.

What is the meaning of experimental study?

Example 3.8 (Quasi-experiments) The echinacea study (based on Barrett et al. (2010)) (Sect. 2.7) could be designed as a quasi-experiment. The researchers would need to find (not create) two existing groups of people (say, from two different suburbs) then decide which group took echinacea and which group did not (Fig. 3.6).

What is the meaning of experimental study?

FIGURE 3.6: Quasi-experimental studies

References

Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D, Mundt M, Bone K, Barlow S, et al. Echinacea for treating the common cold: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010;153(12):769–77.

MacDonald M. Is enough really enough?: Evaluation of an alcohol awareness campaign at ECU Joondalup. 2008; Available from: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1032.


What is an example of an experimental study?

Experimental research examples are different, depending on the type of experimental research design that is being considered. The most basic example of experimental research is laboratory experiments, which may differ in nature depending on the subject of research.

What is a experimental study design?

Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent variable has on a dependent variable.

What are the 4 types of experimental research?

While this type of research falls under the broad umbrella of experimentation, there are some nuances in different research design. Four major design types with relevance to user research are experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational and single subject.